Tibetan Grammar - originative case
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WORK IN PROGRESS: the grammar articles are being edited for wiki publication. During editing, the content might be incomplete, out of sequence or even misleading. In the verb section the approach to explain Tibetan verbs is changed to that of the "three thematic relations: Theme, Location, and Agent" - there will be discrepancies to the other grammar section until they are matched with it
Articles on Tibetan Grammar |
1. Introduction |
2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable |
3. Formation of the Tibetan Word |
4. First case: ming tsam |
5. La don particles |
6. La don particles—Notes |
7. Originative case |
8. Verbs |
9. Verbs—Notes |
10. Syntactic particles |
by Stefan J. Eckel
目錄
Originative Case—འབྱུང་ཁུངས་ཀྱི་སྒྲ་: ནས་, ལས་
- Also called: originative particle, source particle, ablative particle.
Independent of verb type
Source, origin, འབྱུང་ཁུངས་, place, substance, person
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སངས་རྒྱས་ལས་ཆོས་འབྱུང༌། |
Buddha Dharma originate |
The Dharma comes from the Buddha. |
This section contains Tibetan script. Without proper Tibetan rendering support configured, you may see other symbols instead of Tibetan script. |
བའི་ནུ་མ་ལས་འོ་མ་འབྱུང༌། |
cow udder milk come |
The milk comes form the cow's udder. |
རྒྱ་མཚོ་ལས་ནོར་བུ་འབྱུང༌། |
ocean jewel originate |
Jewels originate from the ocean. |
|
གནམ་ནས་ཆར་པ་འབབ། |
sky rain fall |
Rain falls from the sky. |
བླ་མའི་ཞལ་ནས་ལེགས་བཤད་བྱུང༌། |
lama mouth eloquent teaching came |
The lama gave eloquent teachings. |
ས་བོན་ལས་མྱུ་གུ་བྱུང༌། |
seed sprout came |
The sprout came form the seed. |
|
རྟ་ལས་ལྷུང༌། |
horse fall |
to fall from the horse |
སྐས་ཐོག་ནས་བབ། |
ladder 'on top of' fall |
fallen from the ladder |
ལྷ་ས་ནས་མི་དེ་རྣམས་ |
Lhasa person those |
those persons from Lhasa |
Originative of reason
- Tibetan grammatical term: རྒྱུ་མཚན་དང་འབྲེལ་བའི་འབྱུང་ཁུངས་
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དུ་བ་མཐོང་བ་ལས་མེ་ཡོད་པར་ཤེས། |
smoke see fire exist know (transitive grammar)' |
From seeing smoke (one) knows that fire is there (exist). |
བུང་བས་ནི་མེ་ཏོག་དྲི་ལས་ཤེས། |
bee flower smell know |
The bee knows the flower from the smell. |
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སྐོམ་ནས་འཆི་བ་ |
thirst die |
to die from thirst |
Originative of instrument and means
Originative of instrument and means
|
རྩོལ་བ་ལས་ཐོབ། |
effort attained (transitive grammar)' |
attained through / from effort |
|
དུང་ནས་བཤད་པ་ |
conch speak |
to speak by means of conch |
Forming instrumental postpositions
- See also 1.5
སྒོ་ནས་ |
door |
by means of, from the point of view, from the approach of, through, by |
|
ལུས་ངག་ཡིད་ཀྱི་སྒོ་ནས་དགེ་བ་ལ་བརྩོན། |
body speech mind virtue exert (see verb class)' |
Inclusion—only ནས་
- Tibetan grammatical term: སྡུད་པ་
For all the following usages under in this section, only ནས་ is used.
Temporal beginning, succession
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ཞག་གསུམ་ནས་འཆི་བར་འགྱུར། |
day three after die auxiliary |
after the third day [he] will die |
ཞག་འགའ་ནས་ |
day few after |
after a few days |
Beginning of a confined sequence or extent of space, time and enumerations
Space
- Tibetan grammatical term in regard to space: ཡུལ་གྱི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་
རྒྱ་གར་ནས་རྒྱ་ནག་བར་ |
India China |
from India until China |
Numbers
- Tibetan grammatical term in regard to numbers: གྲངས་ཀྱི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་
གཅིག་ནས་བརྒྱའི་བར་ |
one hundred |
from one to hundred |
Enumerations
- Tibetan grammatical term in regard to functional objects: དངོས་པོའི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ཅིང་སྡུད་པ་
མིག་ནས་ཡིད་བར་ |
eye mind |
from the eye up to the mind |
མ་གི་བསྙེན་གནས་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་པ་ནས་ ཡ་གི་གསང་སྔགས་ཀྱི་སྡོམ་པའི་པར་ |
lower end precepts of lay ordination eight-fold upper end secret mantra vows of |
from the lower end, the eight-fold precepts of lay ordination to the upper end, the vows of the secret mantra |
Time
སྐྱེ་བ་ནས་འཆི་བའི་བར་དུ་ |
birth death |
from birth until death |
མགོ་ནས་མཇུག་གི་བར་ |
beginning conclusion |
from beginning to conclusion |
|
ཟླ་བ་དང་པོ་ནས་ཟླ་བ་དྲུག་པའི་བར་དུ་དེར་བསྡད། |
month first from month sixth until there stayed |
[He] stayed there from first until the sixth month. |
Beginning of a confined sequence with negation of the verb
|
- This is mostly translated in to English by "until" while leaving out the negation of the verb.
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སྐྱེས་ནས་མ་ཤིའི་བར་དུ་ |
born not died |
from birth until death, more lit.: from being born until [one] has died; from being born for [as long as one] has not died |
|
དགུ་པ་གནས་པ་ནི། རྒྱུན་དེ་ཉིད་སྐྱེས་ནས་མ་ཤིའི་བར་དུ་མི་འཇིག་པར་ཡོད་པའོ། |
ninth subsistence continuum that born not died not disintegrate exist [is] |
The ninth: Subsistence is to exist in a non-disintegrated [way] from being born until [one] has died. |
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རྫུ་འཕྲུལ་མཆོག་མ་ཐོབ་བར་དུ་ |
miraculous display supreme not obtained (transitive grammar)' |
until [one] has obtained the [ability of] supreme miraculous displays; |
དེ་ལས་གྲོལ་བར་འདོད་པའི་བསམ་པས་གནས་སྐབས་དུས་ཇི་སྲིད་འཚོ་བའི་བར་དང་མཐར་ཐུག་ |
that liberated wish intention temporary time for as long alive and ultimate |
རང་ལམ་གྱི་འབྲས་བུ་མ་ཐོབ་བར་དུ་སྐྱབས་སུ་འགྲོ་ |
ones path result not attained to take refuge |
With the intention to be liberated form that [samsara one] takes refuge temporary for as long as [one] is alive and ultimately until [one] obtains the result of one's path. |
Postpositions with ནས་
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