Five certainties 五決定／五圓滿

The five certainties (Skt. pañcaniyata; Wyl. nges pa lnga) or perfections (Wyl. phun sum tshogs pa lnga) are:

1. the certain or perfect teacher, 上師圓滿
2. the certain or perfect teaching, 法教圓滿
3. the certain or perfect place, 處所圓滿
4. the certain or perfect disciples and 眷屬（弟子）圓滿
5. the certain or perfect time.　時間圓滿

參見 Five perfections 五圓滿

Further Reading

• Khenpo Ngawang Pelzang, A Guide to the Words of My Perfect Teacher, translated by Padmakara Translation Group (Boston & London: Shambhala, 2004), pages 32-34.
• Patrul Rinpoche, The Words of My Perfect Teacher (Boston: Shambhala, Revised edition, 1998), pages 9-10.
• Thinley Norbu, The Small Golden Key (Shambhala Publications, 1999), pages 70-72.