Tibetan Grammar - Associative Particle
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| Articles on Tibetan Grammar |
| 1. Introduction |
| 2. Formation of the Tibetan Syllable |
| 3. Formation of the Tibetan Word |
| 4. First case: ming tsam |
| 5. La don particles |
| 6. La don particles—Notes |
| 7. Originative case |
| 8. Verbs |
| 9. Verbs—Notes |
| 10. Syntactic particles |
by Stefan J. Eckel
目錄
Associative Particle, དང་སྒྲ་
Case Marking Function
The associative particle has case marking function with ming tsam intransitive - associative verbs and agentive transitive - associative verbs.[1]
Conjunction
Inclusion
- Tibetan grammatical term: སྡུད་པ་
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| དེ་རེ་རེར་ཡང་གསུམ་གསུམ་དུ་དབྱེ་སྟེ། གཟུགས་ཕུང་ལ་འབྱུང་བའི་ཁམས་དང༌། |
| these each three three to divide form skandha major elements dhatu |
| སྣོད་ཀྱི་འཇིག་རྟེན་དང༌། བཅུད་ཀྱི་སེམས་ཅན་དང་གསུམ། |
| container world content sentient being three |
| ... [when] dividing each of these again into sets of three: regarding the form skandha [there is the division into] the three [of] the major elements, the world [which is] the container, [and] the sentient being [who are] the content. |
| གཟུགས་དང༌། ཚོར་བ་དང༌། འདུ་ཤེས་དང༌། འདུ་བྱེད་དང༌། རྣམ་པར་ཤེས་པ་ནི་ཕུང་པོའོ། |
| form feeling perception formation consciousness skandha |
| Form, feeling, perception, formation and consciousness are the skandhas. |
| བགོ་བ་དང་བཟའ་བ་ |
| clothes food |
| clothes and food |
With sociative meaning
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| བུ་གཉིས་དང་བཙུན་མོ་དང་རྒྱལ་པོ་ཕྱིན། |
| son two consort king went |
| The two sons, the consort and the king went. The king went with the two sons and the consort. |
- Note: The sociative is more commonly expressed by different postpositions. E.g., ལྷན་ཅིག་ཏུ་, together.
| རྒྱལ་པོ་བཙུན་མོ་དང་ལྷན་ཅིག་ཏུ་ཕྱིན། |
| king consort together went |
| The king went together with the consort. |
- དང་ here comes together with ལྷན་ཅིག་ཏུ་.
Coordination of Divisions
- Tibetan grammatical term: འབྱེད་པ་
| ཆོས་ནི་གཉིས་ཏེ། ཟག་བཅས་དང་ཟག་མེད་དོ། |
| dharmas two defiled undefiled |
| There are two dharmas, defiled and undefiled [ones]. |
| རིག་གནས་ནི་ལྔ་སྟེ། སྒྲ་རིག་པ་དང༌། ཚད་མ་རིག་པ་དང༌། བཟོ་རིག་པ་དང༌། གསོ་བ་རིག་པ་དང༌། ནང་དོན་རིག་པའོ། |
| sciences five grammar logic crafts medicine inner science |
| There are five sciences: grammar, logic, crafts, medicine and the inner science. |
Coordination of Verbs
Temporal
- Tibetan grammatical term: ཚེ་སྐབས་
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| ཆུ་ཚོད་དགུ་ཟིན་པ་དང་མལ་དུ་ཉལ། |
| hour nine bed lie down |
| It became nine o’clock and [he] went to bed. |
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| སྐྱ་རེངས་ཤར་བ་དང་མལ་ནས་ལྡང༌། |
| dawn arose bed get up |
| The dawn arose and [he] got up. |
Causal
- Tibetan grammatical term: རྒྱུ་མཚན་
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| སྨན་ལེགས་པར་ཟོས་པ་དང་ནད་ལས་གྲོལ། |
| medicine well ate illness freed |
| After [he]had well eaten the medicine, [he] was cured. From eating the medicine he was cured. |
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| ཡི་གེ་སློབ་པ་དང་མཁས་པར་འགྱུར། |
| scriptures study learned become |
| Study the scriptures and become learned. From studying the scriptures one becomes learned. |
Coordination After Imperative
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| ཁྱོད་ལེགས་པར་ཉོན་ཅིག་དང༌། ཁྱོད་ལ་བསྟན་པར་བྱའོ།། |
| you well listen "!" you explain auxiliary' |
| Listen well! And [I] will explain to you. |
Imperative / Instruction
- Tibetan grammatical term: གདམས་ངག་
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| ལེགས་པར་སྦྱོངས་དང༌། ཆོས་སྒྲུབས་དང༌། |
| well study Dharma accomplish |
| Study well! Accomplish the Dharma! |
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Coordination
General Coordination
| ་་་ལོག་ལྟ་མངོན་གྱུར་མེད་པ་དང༌། གཞན་བསད་ཀྱང་མི་འཆི་བ་དང༌། ལོངས་སྤྱོད་ཡིད་འོང་མེད་པས་་་་ |
| wrong views manifest not have other killed even not die possessions appealing not exist |
| [in the hell realm] ... [they] don’t have manifest wrong views; and even [if one] has killed an other [one], [no one will] die; and because [there] are no appealing possessions... |
Coordination of Quotations
| ་་་བསྐྲད་པའི་ཕྱིར་སྦྱིན་པ་སྦྱིན་པར་མི་བྱེད་དོ། །ཞེས་པ་དང༌། བྱང་ཆུབ་སེམས་དཔའ་ནི་གྲགས་པ་དང་ |
| to expel offerings give not do [it is said] and bodhisattva renown |
| ཚིགས་སུ་བཅད་པའི་ཕྱིར་སྦྱིན་པ་སྦྱིན་པར་མི་བྱེད་དོ། །ཞེས་པ་དང༌།་་་ |
| verse offerings give not do [it is said] and |
| [it is said]: "... [a bodhisattva] does not give offerings in order to expel [someone]", and [it is said]: "A bodhisattva does not give offerings in order to be renown or praised.", and: "..." ." |
With Repeated Words or Particles
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Endnotes
- ↑ The case marking "associative particleདང་སྒྲ་" was formerly placed with the "syntactic particles" and called "Coordinating particle, དང་སྒྲ་".
