創巴仁波切三乘法教系列外文名相-3密乘篇
於 2026年4月12日 (日) 17:14 由 SSTC Bubble（對話 | 貢獻） 所做的修訂 （SSTC Bubble 已移動頁面 創巴仁波切三乘法教系列外文名相-密乘乘篇 至 創巴仁波切三乘法教系列外文名相-3密乘篇，不留重新導向）
| The Profound Treasury of the Ocean of Dharma: Volume Three "The Tantric Path of Indestructible Wakefulness" |
邱陽創巴仁波切《密續道》三本中譯的辭彙表 （黃底表示紙本並未收錄） |
勘誤 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | abhidharma (Skt.; Tib.: chö ngönpa; chos mngon pa). Superior or higher dharma; Buddhist psychology. The Buddhist teachings can be divided into three parts, called the “three baskets,” or Tripitaka: the sutras (general teachings of the Buddha), the vinaya (teachings on conduct), and the abhidharma (teachings on philosophy and psychology). | abhidharma阿毘達磨、對法（梵；藏：chö ngönpa，chos mngon pa）：更為卓越或更為高超之法；佛教心理學。佛法可以分成三部分，稱為「三藏」（Tripitaka，原意為「三個籃子」），分別為：經（佛陀的一般教導）、律（關於行止的教導）、論（即阿毘達磨，與哲學、心理學有關的教導）。 | |
| 2 | abhisheka (Skt.: “sprinkling,” “anointing”; Tib.: wang; dbang; “power”). Empowerment; a ceremony in which a student is initiated into a particular vajrayana practice by a vajra master. | abhisheka 灌頂（梵：淋灑、塗抹聖水（或聖油）；藏：wang，dbang，力量）：金剛上師引領弟子進入特定金剛乘修持的儀式。 | |
| 3 | abrahmacharya (Skt.). Nonchastity; engaging in sexual intercourse. | abrahmacharya非梵行（梵）：違犯不淫戒，從事性行為。 | |
| 4 | achala (Skt.; Tib.: miyowa; mi gyo ba). Immovability, stability. In Japan, represented as Fudo, a wrathful deity described as powerful and immovable. | achala不動（梵；藏：miyowa，mi gyo ba）：不動、穩定。在日本，以不動明王作為象徵，是強大且不可動搖的忿怒尊。 | |
| 5 | acharya (Skt.; Tib.: loppön; slob dpon). A learned spiritual teacher. | acharya阿闍黎（梵；藏：loppön，slob dpon）：學識廣博的精神導師。 | |
| 6 | adhishthana (Skt.: “standing over” or “resting upon”; Tib.: chinlap; byin rlabs; “splendor wave”). Blessings. “Possessing adhishthana” is the second of the seven aspects of vajrayana. See also appendix 5, under Seven Aspects of Vajrayana (chapter 6). | adhishthana加持（梵：「立於其上」或「倚靠」；藏：chinlap，byin rlabs，光輝的波浪）：「擁有加持」（Possessing adhishthana）是金剛乘七面向的第二面向。參見第6章〈金剛乘的七種面向—初念之前的間隙〉。 | |
| 7 | agni puja (Skt.; Tib.: jinsek; sbyin sreg). Fire-offering ritual. | agni puja火供（梵；藏：jinsek，sbyin sreg）：火供儀式。 | |
| 8 | Akshobhya (Skt.; Tib.: Mikyöpa; mi bskyod pa). Buddha of the vajra family. In the secret language of tantra, a name for urine, one of the five ingredients that are transformed from poison into amrita. See also appendix 5, under Five Ingredients Used to Create Amrita (chapter 61). | Akshobhya不動佛（梵；藏：Mikyöpa，mi bskyod pa）：在續部的秘密用語中代表尿液，是用以轉化為甘露的五毒物之一。參見第61章關於「用來製造甘露的五種成分」段落。 | |
| 9 | alaya (Skt.: “receptacle”; Tib.: künshi; kun gzhi; “ground of all”). The fundamental ground that gives rise to both samsara and nirvana, or the basic split; not to be confused with the alayavijnana. | alaya阿賴耶（梵：貯藏所；藏：künshi，kun gzhi，普基）：生起輪迴與涅槃二者的基礎，或者說生起基本分歧的基礎。勿將此與阿賴耶識混為一談。 | |
| 10 | alayavijnana (Skt.; Tib.: künshi nampar shepa; kun gzhi rnam par shes pa). Alaya consciousness, also known as the storehouse consciousness. According to the yogachara description of mind, it is the eighth consciousness, which contains all karmic seeds. It is the root of dualistic consciousness, and hence of samsara. | alayavijnana阿賴耶識（梵；藏：künshi nampar shepa，kun gzhi rnam par shes pa；英：alaya consciousness）：阿賴耶識也稱作「含藏識」。在瑜伽行派對心的闡述中，將阿賴耶識稱為第八識，其容納所有業的種子。阿賴耶識是二元心識的根本，因此也是輪迴的根本。 | |
| 11 | Amitabha (Skt.; Tib.: Öpag-me; ’od dpag med; “Limitless Light”). Buddha of the padma family; lord of the pure realm of Sukhavati. | Amitabha 阿彌陀佛（梵；藏：Öpag-me; ’od dpag med; 無量光）：蓮花部的佛主；為極樂淨土之主。 | |
| 12 | amrita (Skt.: “deathless”; Tib.: dütsi; bdud rtsi). Blessed liquor used in vajrayana meditation practices. | amrita甘露（梵：無死；藏：dütsi，bdud rtsi）：經過加持的酒，用於金剛乘的禪修中。 | |
| 13 | anuttarayoga (Skt.; Tib.: naljor la-me; rnal ’byor bla med; “none higher yoga”). The highest of the four tantric yanas according to the Kagyü tradition and the New Translation school. See also mahamudra. | anuttarayoga 無上瑜伽（梵；藏：naljor la-me；rnal ’byor bla med；「沒有比此更高的瑜伽」）：在噶舉傳承與新譯派的傳統中，無上瑜伽續是四部密續中最高的一乘。參見「大手印」（mahamudra）。 | |
| 14 | anuyoga (Skt.; Tib.: jesu naljor; rjes su rnal ’byor). In the Nyingma nine-yana system, the second of the three higher tantric yanas. | anuyoga阿努瑜伽（梵；藏：jesu naljor，rjes su rnal ’byor）：寧瑪九乘體系中，上三乘中的第二乘。 | |
| 15 | arak (Tib.: a rag). A type of alcoholic drink, stronger than beer. | arak阿惹（藏：a rag）：一種含酒精的飲料，濃度比啤酒更高。 | |
| 16 | arhat (Skt.: “worthy one”; Tib.: drachompa; dgra bcom pa). A fully accomplished practitioner of the hinayana path who has achieved liberation from the sufferings of samsara. The Tibetan term drachompa means “one who has conquered the enemy” of conflicting emotions and of grasping at a self-entity. | arhat阿羅漢（梵：「應供」；藏：drachompa，dgra bcom pa）：已然解脫輪迴諸苦而於小乘道上完全成就的修行者。藏文「札炯巴」的意思是「已戰勝敵人者」，此處的敵人是指煩惱與我執。 | |
| 17 | Atisha Dipankara (982–1054 ce). A Buddhist scholar at the great monastic university of Vikramashila. He is best known for his teachings on mind training and the cultivation of bodhichitta. | Atisha Dipankara阿底峽燃燈智（公元982–1054年）：偉大超戒寺大學的佛教學者。他以修心與發菩提心的教導而廣負盛名。 | |
| 18 | atiyoga (Skt.). The highest of the nine yanas, also known as maha ati, dzokchen, or the great perfection. The experience of atiyoga goes beyond all concepts. It is the essence of transcendent insight, the unchanging state of nonmeditation in which there is awareness but no clinging. | atiyoga阿底瑜伽（梵）：九乘中的最高乘，也稱作「瑪哈阿底」、「佐欽」或「大圓滿」。阿底瑜伽的覺受超越一切概念，是出世勝觀的精髓。此處的出世勝觀是指具有覺知但不作攀執的不變無修境界。 | |
| 19 | avadhuti (Skt.; Tib.: uma; dbu ma). Central energy channel that runs up the center of the body just in front of the spine. | avadhuti 中脈（梵；藏：uma；dbu ma）：緊貼脊椎前方且貫穿身體中央的中樞能量脈。 | |
| 20 | Avalokiteshvara (Skt.; Tib.: Chenrezik; spyan ras gzigs). The bodhisattva of compassion. | Avalokiteshvara、觀世音（梵； 藏：Chenrezik，spyan ras gzigs）：具大悲之菩薩。 | |
| 21 | ayatana (Skt.; Tib.: kye-che; skye mched; “arising and spreading”). Sense field. The twelve ayatanas include the six sense organs (with mind as number six) and their corresponding sense objects. | ayatana處（梵；藏：kye-che，skye mched，生起與增長；英：sense field）：十二處包括六根（其中「意」為第六根）及其各自相應的感官對境（六塵）。 | |
| 22 | bardo (Tib.: bar do). In-between or intermediate state. There are many different types of intermediate states, with the most common listing mentioning six bardos: the bardos of this life, dream, meditation, dying, isness, and becoming. More generally, bardo refers to the state between death and the next birth, which is said to last forty-nine days. | bardo中陰（藏：bar do）：過渡或中間狀態。中陰有多種不同的類別，最常見的分類是「六中陰」，即此生中陰（生處中陰）、睡夢中陰、禪定中陰、死亡中陰、法性中陰、生有中陰。中陰更為普遍說法是指死亡與來生之間的階段，教導提到此期間最長可達四十九天。 | |
| 23 | basic goodness (Tib.: dö-ne sangwa; gdod nas bzang ba). Good from the very beginning, beyond any reference point of bad or good. In the Shambhala teachings, this refers to the intrinsic wholesomeness of one’s being. Trungpa Rinpoche also uses the phrase basic goodness to refer to künshi ngangluk kyi gewa, the natural virtue of alaya, as well as to Samantabhadra, or Küntu Sangpo, which means “completely good.” | basic goodness本初善（藏：dö-ne sangwa，gdod nas bzang ba）：自初始以來之善，超越任何善或惡的參照點。在香巴拉教法中，指個人存在之中的本具賢善。創巴仁波切也用「本初善」這一詞來指「阿賴耶之本善」（künshi ngangluk kyi gewa）以及「普賢」（Küntu Sangpo），後者意為「一切賢善」。 | |
| 24 | betsöl mepar ladawa (Tib.: ’bad rtsol med par la zla ba). To step over without effort; the first category of sem-de. | betsöl mepar ladawa無勤的跨越（藏：’bad rtsol med par la zla ba）：心部的第一個分類。 | |
| 25 | bhala (Dakini language). Meat; one of the five ingredients that are transformed from poison into amrita. See also appendix 5, under Five Ingredients Used to Create Amrita (chapter 61). | bhala巴喇（空行母語言）：肉；用以轉化為甘露的五毒物之一。參見第61章關於「用來製造甘露的五種成分」段落。 | |
| 26 | bhikshu (Skt.; Tib.: gelong; dge slong). Fully ordained monk. | bhikshu比丘（梵；藏：gelong，dge slong）：受具足戒的僧人。 | |
| 27 | bhumi (Skt.; Tib.: sa; sa). Stage, level. The progressive stages of the path of the bodhisattva that lead to enlightenment. See also volume 2 of the Profound Treasury, part 8: “The Bodhisattva’s Journey.” | bhumi地（梵；藏：sa，sa）：階段、層次。菩薩道上通往證悟的次第性階段。參見創巴仁波切遺教法寶：三乘法教系列《不怕，我有菩提心》，第8章〈菩薩的旅程〉。 | |
| 28 | bija (Skt.). Seed syllable; a Sanskrit syllable used in visualization practice. Also the term for karmic seed. | bija種子字（梵；英：seed syllable）：觀修時使用的梵文字母。也是代表「業力種子」的用語。 | |
| 29 | bindu (Skt.; Tib.: thig-le; thig le). Dot, particle; the life force. | bindu明點（梵；藏：thig-le，thig le）：圓點、粒子，生命力。 | |
| 30 | bodhi (Skt.; Tib.: changchup; byang chub). Awakened state; full illumination or enlightenment. | bodhi tree菩提樹：位於菩提迦耶的無花果屬（Ficus religiosa）聖樹，喬達摩佛在這棵樹下修持並獲得證悟。 | |
| 31 | bodhi tree. The sacred fig tree (Ficus religiosa) located in Bodhgaya under which Gautama Buddha practiced at the time he attained enlightenment. | bodhi菩提（梵；藏：changchup，byang chub）：覺醒的境界，全然的啟蒙或證悟。 | |
| 32 | bodhichitta (Skt.; Tib.: changchup kyi sem; byang chub kyi sems). Enlightened heart or mind. Ultimate, or absolute, bodhichitta is the union of emptiness and compassion, the essential nature of awakened mind. Relative bodhichitta is the tenderness arising from a glimpse of ultimate bodhichitta, which inspires the practitioner to train in working for the benefit of others. | bodhichitta菩提心（梵；藏：changchup kyi sem，byang chub kyi sems）：證悟之心。勝義或究竟菩提心是空悲雙運，是覺醒之心的精華本質。世俗菩提心則是經由窺見勝義菩提心而生起的溫柔，激勵修行人為了努力利益他眾而訓練自己。 | |
| 33 | Bodhidharma (Skt.; fifth to sixth century ce). One of the leading patriarchs of the Zen Buddhist tradition. | Bodhidharma菩提達摩（梵；西元五至六世紀）：禪宗的主要祖師之一。 | |
| 34 | bodhisattva (Skt.: “awake being”; Tib.: changchup sempa; byang chub sems dpa’). One who has made a commitment to the mahayana path of practicing compassion and the six paramitas. See also paramita. | bodhisattva菩薩（梵：覺有情；藏：changchup sempa，byang chub semsdpa’）：誓言依止悲心與六波羅蜜多為修持的大乘法道行者。另見「波羅蜜多」（paramita）。 | |
| 35 | bodhisattva vow. The vow to attain enlightenment for the benefit of all beings, marking one’s formal entry onto the mahayana path of wisdom and compassion, and one’s intention to practice the bodhisattva discipline of the six paramitas. | bodhisattva vow菩薩戒：為利益一切眾生而希求證悟的誓戒，宣明行者正式步上大乘智悲之道，並具有實踐六波羅蜜多菩薩律儀的意樂。 | |
| 36 | bodhisattvayana (Skt.). The vehicle of the bodhisattva; another term for mahayana. | Bodhisattvayana菩薩乘（梵）：菩薩的道乘；大乘的另一種說法。 | |
| 37 | Brahma (Skt.). The first god of the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Brahma is god in the aspect of creator of the universe. | Brahma梵天（梵）：印度教三大神祗梵天、毘濕奴、濕婆之首。梵天代表創世之神。 | |
| 38 | brahmacharya (Skt.). Celibacy. | brahmacharya梵行（梵）：禁慾。 | |
| 39 | brahmaloka (Skt.). God realm; one of the six realms of samsaric existence. The dwelling place of Brahma, the chief god of the lower levels of the form realm. | brahmaloka梵世（梵）：指輪迴六道之一的天界。色界下層之主梵天即住於梵世。 | |
| 40 | Brahman (Skt.). A Hindu of the highest, or priestly, caste. | Brahman婆羅門（梵）：屬於最高種姓，或稱祭司種姓的印度教徒。 | |
| 41 | Brahmanical. Referring to the Brahman caste. | Brahmanical婆羅門的（梵）：指婆羅門種姓。 | |
| 42 | brahmarandhra (Skt.; Tib.: tsangbuk; tsangs bug). Aperture of Brahma; an opening at the crown of the head at the top of the avadhuti. See also avadhuti. | brahmarandhra梵穴（梵；藏：tsangbuk，tsangs bug）：位於中脈上端頭頂處的開口。另見「中脈」（avadhuti）。 | |
| 43 | The Buddha is also the first of the three jewels. In the mandala of the five buddha-families, the buddha family is associated with the center of the mandala, the buddha Vairochana, the klesha of ignorance, and the wisdom of all-encompassing space. See also appendix 5, under The Five Buddha-Families (chapter 26). | Buddha / buddha佛（梵；藏：sang-gye，sangs rgyas）：覺者。英文大寫的Buddha專指釋迦牟尼佛，而小寫的buddha則可以指任何一位證悟者或證悟原則。佛也是三寶之首。在五佛部壇城中，佛部是與壇城中央、大日如來、愚痴煩惱，以及法界體性智有關。另見第26章〈五佛部壇城〉的相關內容。 | |
| 44 | buddha-families (Tib.: sang-gye kyi rik; sangs rgyas kyi rigs). The mandala of the five buddhas, who embody the five wisdoms. Because all phenomena are said to possess one of these five as a predominant characteristic, they are called families: vajra, ratna, padma, karma, and buddha. Each is associated with a particular buddha, a type of wisdom, a skandha, a klesha, a direction, and a color. See also appendix 5, under The Five Buddha-Families (chapter 26). | buddha-families佛部（藏：sang-gye kyi rik，sangs rgyas kyi rigs）：五方佛的壇城，為五智的體現。教導提到，一切現象皆具有五智之一，並以其作為主要特性，故稱為金剛、寶、蓮花、羯摩（業）、佛等五「部」（家族）。每一部都與某一特定的佛、某種智慧、某種蘊、某種煩惱、某個方向、某個顏色相關。參見第26章〈五佛部壇城〉的內容。 | |
| 45 | buddha nature. See tathagatagarbha. | buddha nature佛性：參見「如來藏」（tathagatagarbha）。 | |
| 46 | chaggya chenpo (Tib.: phyag rgya chen po). See mahamudra. | chaggya chenpo大手印（藏：phyag rgya chen po）：參見「大手印」（mahamudra）。 | |
| 47 | chaggya kü tamtsik (Tib.: phyag rgya sku’i dam tshig). Samaya of vajra body; an understanding that all phenomena are part of the sacred world. | chaggya kü tamtsik金剛身之三昧耶（藏：phyag rgya sku’i dam tshig）：了知一切現象都是神聖世界的一部分。 | |
| 48 | chakra (Skt.; Tib.: khorlo; ’khor lo; “wheel”). A primary energy center in the body, located along the avadhuti, or central channel. There are different enumerations of the chakras, but generally five are named: at the head, throat, heart, navel, and secret place. | chakra輪（梵；藏：khorlo；’khor lo；「輪子」）：身體內的主要能量中心，所在處沿著中脈分布。其列舉方式各有不同，不過通常會提到以下五種：頭、喉、心、臍，和密處。 | |
| 49 | chakravartin (Skt.: “one who turns the wheel”). A universal monarch; in ancient Buddhist and Vedic literature, a king who rules the entire world by his wisdom and virtue. | chakravartin轉輪聖王（梵，轉動輪子者）：世間聖王。在古老的佛教文獻與吠陀文獻中，代表以智慧與美德統治全世界的君王。 | |
| 50 | Ch’an (Chin.; Skt.: dhyana; Jpn.: Zen). A school of mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes meditation and experiential wisdom. | Ch’an禪（中；梵: dhyana；日：Zen）：大乘佛教宗派之一，強調禪修與現證之智慧。 | |
| 51 | chang (Tib.: chang). Tibetan beer made from barley. | chang青稞酒（藏：chang）：以青稞製作的藏式啤酒。 | |
| 52 | changchup kyi sem (Tib.: byang chub kyi sems). See bodhichitta. | changchup kyi sem菩提心（藏：byang chub kyi sems；梵：bodhichitta）：證悟之心。勝義或究竟菩提心是空悲雙運，是覺醒之心的精華本質。世俗菩提心則是經由窺見勝義菩提心而生起的溫柔，激勵修行人為了努力利益他眾而訓練自己。 | |
| 53 | changsem kyi kyilkhor (Tib.: byang sems kyi dkyil ’khor). Mandala of bodhichitta, the essence of enlightenment; one of eight types of mandala in mahayoga tantra. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Mandalas of Mahayoga (chapter 60). | changsem kyi kyilkhor菩提心壇城（藏：byang sems kyi dkyil ’khor）：菩提心的壇城，亦即證悟本質之壇城，瑪哈瑜伽續的八種壇城之一。另見第60章關於「瑪哈瑜伽八壇城」的段落。 | |
| 54 | charnel ground (Skt.: shmashana; Tib.: tür-trö; dur ’khrod). An open field filled with corpses and beasts of prey. The charnel ground is an important symbol of the ground from which all phenomena are born and die, which is the basis of both samsara and nirvana. | charnel ground尸陀林（梵：shmashana；藏：tür-trö，dur ’khrod）：遍滿屍體與食肉野獸的空曠處所。尸陀林是基的一個重要象徵，一切現象皆生於基、死於基，其為輪迴與涅槃二者的基礎。 | |
| 55 | cha-we gyü (Tib.: bya ba’i rgyud). See kriyayoga. | cha-we gyü事續（藏：bya ba’i rgyud）：參見kriyayoga。 | |
| 56 | Chekawa Yeshe Dorje (Tib.: ’chad ka ba ye shes rdo rje; 1101–1175 ce). Famous Kadampa master; author of the root text of The Seven Points of Mind Training, one of the principal texts of lojong. | Chekawa Yeshe Dorje切卡瓦．耶喜．多傑格西（藏：’chad ka ba ye shes rdo rje，1101―1175年）：著名的噶當派上師，其著作《修心七要根本頌》是最主要的修心教導之一。 | |
| 57 | Chemchok (Tib.: che mchog; Skt.: Mahottara). Great Supreme One. The fourth of the eight logos, connected with the center of the mandala and with transforming poison into amrita. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Logos / Druppa Kagye (chapter 61). | Chemchok千秋、大勝（藏：che mchog；梵：Mahottara）：偉大的最勝尊。「修部八教」的第四尊，與壇城中心和轉毒為甘露相關。另見第61章「修部八教」的內容。 | |
| 58 | chigdrup (Tib.: gcig sgrub). See sota nopika. | chigdrup 獨修（梵；藏：chigdrup，gcig sgrub）：獨自修持。單獨一個人修持成就法的傳統。 | |
| 59 | chiggyü (Tib.: gcig brgyud). One-to-one transmission; the ear-whispered or hearing lineage. | chiggyü單傳（藏：gcig brgyud）：一對一的傳授；即耳傳。 | |
| 60 | chingyi lappa (Tib.: byin gyis brlabs pa). Blessed; “being engulfed in an atmo-sphere of intense devotion.” | chingyi lappa領受加持（藏：byin gyis brlabs pa）：獲得加持；「沉浸於強烈虔心的氛圍中」。 | |
| 61 | chinlap (Tib.: byin rlabs). See adhishthana. | chinlap加持（藏：byin rlabs）：參見「加持」（adhishthana）。 | |
| 62 | chiwa mitakpa (Tib.: ’chi ba mi rtag pa). Death and impermanence; the second of the four reminders. See also appendix 5, under The Four Reminders (chapter 30). | chiwa mitakpa死亡無常（藏：’chi ba mi rtag pa）：死亡與無常，轉心四思惟的第二項。另見第30章〈轉心四思惟〉的內容。 | |
| 63 | chö (Tib.: gcod). Cut off; cut through. An advanced vajrayana practice involving a contemplation on death and illness, performed in charnel grounds and haunted places, which invites negative forces to consume the practitioner in order to completely cut through any residual ego-attachment and fixation. | chö 斷法（藏：gcod）：去除、斬斷。 一種與思惟死亡與疾病有關的高深金剛乘修法，於尸陀林與鬧鬼處修持；修法時邀請負面力量吞噬修行者，以徹底斬斷一切殘餘的我執與耽著。 | |
| 64 | chogdzin truptha ledepa (Tib.: phyogs ’dzin grub mtha’ las ’das pa). Transcending attachment to biased philosophical beliefs; the fifth category of sem-de. | chogdzin truptha ledepa超越對偏頗哲學信念的執著（藏：phyogs ’dzin grub mtha’ las ’das pa）：心部的第五類。 | |
| 65 | chögyü (Tib.: spyod rgyud). See upayoga. | chögyü行續（藏：spyod rgyud）：參見「行部瑜伽」（upayoga）。 | |
| 66 | chok (Tib.: mchog). Supreme. | chok勝（藏：mchog）：殊勝。 | |
| 67 | choktu kyurpa (Tib.: mchog tu gyur pa). Holy; the supreme of the supreme. | choktu kyurpa最勝（藏：mchog tu gyur pa）：神聖的，殊勝中的殊勝。 | |
| 68 | chöku (Tib.: chos sku). See dharmakaya. | chöku 法身（藏：chos sku）：參見dharmakaya。 | |
| 69 | chökyi dak (Tib.: chos kyi bdag). Ego of dharmas, or phenomena; the second half of twofold ego, the first half being ego of self. | chökyi dak法我（藏：chos kyi bdag）：執著諸法、一切現象有「我」（譯按：執著現象為實有）；法我是「二我」的第二部分，第一部分則是人我。 | |
| 70 | chökyi gyaltsen lekpar dzuk (Tib.: chos kyi rgyal mtshan legs par ’dzugs). “Firmly plant the victorious banner of dharma”; a line from the Man-jushri-nama-sangiti (Chanting the Names of Manjushri, VIII: 28). | chökyi gyaltsen lekpar dzuk （藏：chos kyi rgyal mtshan legs par ’dzugs），「建立法幢極微妙」，出自《聖妙文殊真實名經》 | |
| 71 | Chökyi Nyin-je (Tib.: chos kyi nyin byed; 1879–1939 ce). The tenth Trungpa tülku. | Chökyi Nyin-je確吉．寧傑（藏：chos kyi nyin byed）：第十世創巴祖古，西元1879-1939年。 | |
| 72 | chökyi ying (Tib.: chos kyi dbyings). See dharmadhatu. | chökyi ying法界（藏：chos kyi dbyings）：參見dharmadhatu。 | |
| 73 | chökyong (Tib.: chos skyong). See dharmapala. | chökyong護法（藏：chos skyong）：參見dharmapala。 | |
| 74 | chönyi ngönsum (Tib.: chos nyid mngon sum). Seeing dharmata as real; the first of the four visions, or stages, of maha ati practice. | chönyi ngönsum法性現量（藏：chos nyid mngon sum）：如實見到法性；大圓滿法四相或四次第當中的第一項。 | |
| 75 | chönyi sesa (Tib.: chos nyid zad sa). Dharmata used up. The exhaustion of dharmata; the last of the four visions, or stages, of maha ati practice. | chönyi sesa法性盡地（藏：chos nyid zad sa）：法性已盡。法性已消失殆盡；大圓滿法四相或四次第當中的最後一項。 | |
| 76 | chötö (Tib.: mchod stod). Offering and praise to the worldly deities. The seventh of the eight logos, connected with subjugating national ego. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Logos / Druppa Kagye (chapter 61). | chötö世間供讚（藏：mchod stod）：向世間神祗獻供與讚頌。「修部八教」的第七尊，與調伏國家式的自我有關。另見第61章關於「修部八教」的內容。 | |
| 77 | chuba (Tib.: phyu pa). A long coat made of wool. | chuba藏袍（藏：phyu pa）：毛製長袍。 | |
| 78 | coemergent wisdom (Skt.: sahaja-jnana; Tib.: lhenchik kye-pe yeshe; lhan cig skyes pa’i ye shes; “wisdom born together”). The simultaneous arising of samsara and nirvana, which naturally gives rise to wisdom. | coemergent wisdom俱生智（梵：sahaja-jnana；藏：lhenchik kye-pe yeshe，lhan cig skyes pa’i ye shes）：與生俱來的智慧。輪迴與涅槃的同時生起，這也令智慧自然生起。 | |
| 79 | compassion (Skt.: karuna; Tib.: nying-je; snying rje; “noble heart”). A key principle of mahayana Buddhism, describing the motivation and activity of a bodhisattva. As a further development of maitri, compassion arises from empathizing with the suffering of sentient beings. | compassion悲心（梵：karuna；藏：nying-je，snying rje，高貴的心）：大乘佛教的關鍵要則，描述菩薩的動機與行事。悲心為慈心更進一步的發展，乃因同理有情眾生所受之苦而生起。 | |
| 80 | confirmation (Tib.: ug jinpa; dbugs ’byin pa; “breathing the breath”). Relief at being recognized and confirmed as who you really are, the fourth of the seven aspects of vajrayana. See also appendix 5, under Seven Aspects of Vajrayana (chapter 6). | confirmation確認（藏：ug jinpa，dbugs ’byin pa，吐出氣息）：由於認出並確認了自己究竟是誰，因此而鬆了一口氣。為金剛乘七面向之四。另見第6章〈金剛乘的七個面向—初念之前的間隙〉。 | |
| 81 | dakini (Skt.; Tib.: khandroma; mkha’ ’gro ma). One who walks in the sky. A wrathful or semiwrathful female deity, signifying compassion, emptiness, and prajna. Dakinis are tricky and playful, representing the basic space of fertility out of which the play of samsara and nirvana arises. | dakini空行母（梵；藏：khandroma，mkha’ ’gro ma）：行於空中者。具忿怒相或半忿怒相的女性本尊，象徵悲心、空性與般若。空行母古靈精怪又調皮，代表具備孕育能力的根本虛空，輪迴與涅槃的遊舞即是由此根本虛空中生起。 | |
| 82 | damaru (Skt.). Ritual hand drum used in vajrayana practice. | damaru達瑪如、鼗鼓（梵）：金剛乘修法所使用的儀式手鼓。 | |
| 83 | Dawa Sangpo (Tib.: zla ba bzang po; Skt.: Suchandra). In Indian and Tibetan legend, the king who requested teachings from the Buddha that would allow him to practice dharma without renouncing his worldly responsibilities. In response, the Buddha gave him the first Kalachakra Tantra abhisheka. | Dawa Sangpo月賢（藏：zla ba bzang po；梵：Suchandra）：印度和西藏傳說中的一位國王，他請求佛陀傳授無需捨棄世間職責、能同時修持佛法的教導。於是佛陀授予他首次的《時輪金剛續》灌頂。 | |
| 84 | deva (Skt.; Tib.: lha; lha). Deity, god. | deva天（梵；藏：lha，lha）：本尊，天人或天神。 | |
| 85 | devata (Skt.). Divinity. | devata神性（梵）：神聖、神。 | |
| 86 | devi (Skt.; Tib.: lhamo; lhamo). Female deity; goddess. | devi天女（梵；藏：lhamo，lhamo）：女性本尊，天女。 | |
| 87 | dewa chenpo yi yeshe (Tib.: bde ba chen po yi ye shes). Wisdom of mahasukha, or great bliss. See mahasukha. | dewa chenpo yi yeshe大樂之本智（藏：bde ba chen po yi ye shes）：大樂的本智。參見mahasukha。 | |
| 88 | dharana (Skt.). Binding together. | dharana 總持（梵）：約束或結合在一起。 | |
| 89 | dharanayana (Skt.). The vehicle that binds together the body, speech, and mind of the practitioner; another term for vajrayana. | dharanayana總持乘（梵）：約束、結合修行者身、語、意的法乘，是金剛乘的別名。 | |
| 90 | dharma (Skt.; Pali: dhamma; Tib.: chö; chos). Truth, law, phenomenon. In particular, the buddhadharma, or teachings of the Buddha. The second of the three jewels. The plural, dharmas, simply refers to phenomena. | dharma 法（梵；巴利：dhamma；藏：chö；chos）：真理，法律，現象。尤其是指佛法，也就是佛陀的教導。三寶的第二項。複數形的dharmas則專指現象。 | |
| 91 | dharmachakra (Skt.; Tib.: chökyi khorlo; chos kyi ’khor lo). Wheel of dharma. The phrase “turning the wheel of dharma” refers to teaching dharma. | dharmachakra法輪（梵；藏：chökyi khorlo；chos kyi ’khor lo）：「轉法輪」這個用語即是指「傳授佛法」。 | |
| 92 | dharmadhatu (Skt.; Tib. chökyi ying; chos kyi dbyings). All-encompassing space; the unconditional totality, unoriginated and unchanging, in which all phenomena arise, dwell, and cease. | dharmadhatu法界（梵；藏 chökyi ying，chos kyi dbyings）：含攝一切的界。無所緣的整體，沒有起源且不變異，一切現象都由其而生、住、滅。 | |
| 93 | dharmakaya (Skt.; Tib.: chöku; chos sku). Dharma body. The mind of the Buddha, or enlightenment itself; unoriginated, primordial mind, devoid of concept. One of the three kayas. See also trikaya. | dharmakaya法身（梵；藏：chöku，chos sku）：佛之心意或證悟本身。無生的本初心，無分別概念。法身為三身之一。另見「三身」（trikaya）。 | |
| 94 | dharmapala (Skt.; Tib.: chökyong; chos skyong). Protector of the dharma. A type of deity whose function is to protect the teachings of the Buddha and its practitioners. | dharmapala護法（梵；藏：chökyong，chos skyong）：佛法的守護者。本尊的一個類別，其事業為保護佛陀教法及佛法修行人。 | |
| 95 | dharmata (Skt.; Tib.: chönyi; chos nyid). Dharma-ness, isness; the essence of reality. | dharmata法性（梵；藏：chönyi，chos nyid）：法爾、法如，實相的本質。 | |
| 96 | dhatu (Skt.; Tib.: kham; khams). Space, expanse; element, nature; region, realm. The dhatus also refer to the eighteen dhatus or sense faculties that are comprised of the six sense organs; the six sense objects of the sense organs; and the six corresponding sense consciousnesses. | dhatu界（梵；藏：kham，khams）：空、廣袤；元素、本質；區域、地方。界也指十八界，由六根、六塵以及相應的六識所組成。 | |
| 97 | Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche (Tib.: dil mgo mkhyen brtse; 1910–1991 ce). A highly revered Nyingma meditation master beloved in all schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Khyentse Rinpoche was a close friend and mentor of Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche. At Trungpa Rinpoche’s request, Khyentse Rinpoche came to the West several times to give teachings. | Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche頂果．欽哲仁波切（藏：dil mgo mkhyen brtse，1910―1991年）：備受崇敬的寧瑪派禪修大師，受到藏傳佛教所有宗派的愛戴。欽哲仁波切是邱陽．創巴仁波切的密友與導師。欽哲仁波切在創巴仁波切的請求下，曾數度造訪西方傳法。 | |
| 98 | doha (Skt.). A song expressing spiritual realization. | doha道歌（梵）：闡述修道了證的歌曲。 | |
| 99 | döma (Tib.: gdod ma). Primordial; one of the three qualities of the Great East. See also appendix 5, under The Three Qualities of the Great East (chapter 1). | döma本初（藏：gdod ma）：大東的三個特質之一。另見第1章〈東方大日之黎明〉的內容。 | |
| 100 | dö-me ying (Tib.: gdod ma’i dbyings). Primordial space. | dö-me ying本初虛空（藏：gdod ma’i dbyings）。 | |
| 101 | dompa (Tib.: sdom pa; Skt.: samvara). Vow, precept; binding together. | dompa律儀（藏：sdom pa；梵：samvara）：誓戒，戒律，約束。 | |
| 102 | dön (Tib.: gdon). A sudden attack of neurosis, an emotional upheaval, or klesha, that seems to come from outside oneself. See also klesha. | dön邪魔、魔祟（藏：gdon）：神經質的突然襲擊，似乎是一種外來的情緒騷動或煩惱。另見klesha。 | |
| 103 | dorje (Tib.: rdo rje). See vajra. | dorje金剛 / 金剛杵（藏：rdo rje）：參見vajra。 | |
| 104 | dorje chang (Tib.: rdo rje ’chang). Vajra holder; one who holds the vajra. See also Vajradhara. | dorje chang金剛持（藏：rdo rje ’chang）：持金剛者。另見Vajra dhara。 | |
| 105 | dorje kham (Tib.: rdo rje khams). Indestructible being; vajra nature. | dorje kham金剛種性（藏：rdo rje khams）：不可摧毀者，金剛自性。 | |
| 106 | dorje loppön (Tib.: rdo rje slob dpon; Skt.: vajracharya). Vajra master. | dorje loppön金剛上師（藏：rdo rje slob dpon；梵： vajracharya）：金剛阿闍黎。 | |
| 107 | dorje lugu gyü (Tib.: rdo rje lu gu rgyud). Vajra chains; visions that appear in the practice of thögal. | dorje lugu gyü金剛鏈（藏：rdo rje lu gu rgyud）：頓超修持中所現起的景象。 | |
| 108 | Dorje Phurba (Tib.: rdo rje phur ba). See Vajrakilaya. | Dorje Phurba普巴金剛 / 金剛橛（藏：rdo rje phur ba）：參見Vajrakilaya。 | |
| 109 | dorje thekpa (Tib.: rdo rje theg pa; Skt.: vajrayana). Indestructible vehicle. See also vajrayana. | dorje thekpa金剛乘（藏：rdo rje theg pa；梵：vajrayana）：另見vajrayana。 | |
| 110 | dorje thukkyi tamtsik (Tib.: rdo rje thugs kyi dam tshig). Samaya of vajra mind. | dorje thukkyi tamtsik金剛意三昧耶（藏：rdo rje thugs kyi dam tshig）。 | |
| 111 | dorje ying (Tib.: rdo rje dbyings; Skt.: vajradhatu). Indestructible space; the basic space that accommodates all phenomena of samsara and nirvana. | dorje ying金剛界（藏：rdo rje dbyings；梵：vajradhatu）：容納輪涅一切現象的根本虛空。 | |
| 112 | drebu lamdu chepa (Tib.: ’bras bu lam du byed pa). Using the fruition as the path, an approach associated with higher tantra. | drebu lamdu chepa以果為道（藏：’bras bu lam du byed pa）：與上部密續有關的一種修行方式。 | |
| 113 | drebü thekpa (Tib.: ’bras bu’i theg pa). Fruition vehicle; another term for vajrayana. | drebü thekpa果乘（藏：’bras bu’i theg pa）：金剛乘的另一個講法。 | |
| 114 | drippa (Tib.: sgrib pa). Defilement or obscuration. | drippa遮障（藏：sgrib pa）：染垢或障蔽。 | |
| 115 | drub-de (Tib.: sgrub sde). Practice section; one of the two classes of mahayoga practice, the other being gyü-de. | drub-de修部（藏：sgrub sde）：瑪哈瑜伽二部之一，另一部是續部。 | |
| 116 | druppa (Tib.: sgrub pa; Skt.: sadhana). Practice, accomplishment; sadhana practice. | druppa修行、成就法（藏：sgrub pa，梵：sadhana）：成就法的修持。 | |
| 117 | druppa kagye (Tib.: sgrub pa bka’ brgyad). See eight logos. | druppa kagye修部八教（藏：sgrub pa bka’brgyad；英：eight logos）：瑪哈瑜伽的八大主要本尊及其相關的密續與成就法。另見第61章「修部八教」的內容。 | |
| 118 | druppapo (Tib.: sgrub pa po; Skt.: sadhaka). A practitioner. | druppapo修行者（藏：sgrub pa po；梵：sadhaka）。 | |
| 119 | duhkha (Skt.; Tib.: dug-ngal; sdug bsngal). Suffering, the first of the four noble truths. Physical and psychological suffering of all kinds, including the subtle but all-pervading frustration occasioned by the impermanence and insubstantiality of all things. | duhkha苦（梵；藏：dug-ngal，sdug bsngal）：苦諦，四聖諦的第一諦。指身體與心靈方面的各種苦，包括一種細微卻遍布一切的挫折感，這種挫折感是由一切事物的無常與無實有所引起的。 | |
| 120 | dütsi chömen (Tib.: bdud rtsi chos sman). Amrita dharma medicine; a special herbal preparation mixed with liquor and used in vajrayana practices. | dütsi chömen甘露法藥、甘露丸（藏：bdud rtsi chos sman）：加入烈酒製成的獨特藥草糰，於金剛乘修法時使用。 | |
| 121 | Dütsi Tel (Tib.: bdud rtsi tel; “Amrita Hill”). One of the two main monasteries of Surmang, the other being Namgyal-tse. The monastic seat of the Trungpa tulküs, established by the third Trungpa, Kunga Öser. | Dütsi Tel甘露丘（藏：bdud rtsi tel）：蘇芒的兩大寺之一，另一寺是南嘉則寺（Namgyal-tse）。為歷代創巴祖古的法座，由第三世創巴貢噶．沃色（Kunga Öser）所建。 | |
| 122 | dzinchak me-pe chöpa (Tib.: ’dzin chags med pa’i spyod pa). Action without fixation or desire; fourth of the five vajrayana sayings regarding transcending habitual patterns. See also appendix 5, under Five Vajrayana Sayings (chapter 16). | dzinchak me-pe chöpa無耽著之行為（藏：’dzin chags med pa’i spyod pa）：沒有執著或耽溺的作行。五金剛乘句的第四句，與超越習性有關。另見第16章中〈五金剛句〉的內容。 | |
| 123 | dzinpa (Tib.: ’dzin pa). Grasping; in particular, clinging to the view of an independently existing self. See also fixation and grasping. | dzinpa執持、能取（藏：’dzin pa）：尤其是指執著「有一個獨立存在之我」的見地。另見 fixation and grasping。 | |
| 124 | dzogrim (Tib.: rdzogs rim; Skt.: sampannakrama). The completion stage of vajrayana practice, which emphasizes formless meditation; contrasted with kyerim, or utpattikrama. See also utpattikrama. | dzogrim圓滿次第（藏：rdzogs rim）：金剛乘修持的圓滿次第，強調無相禪修。與之相對的是「生起次第」（utpattikrama）。參見sampannakrama。 | |
| 125 | dzokchen (Tib.: rdzogs chen; Skt.: maha ati). Abbreviation of dzokpa chenpo. | Dzokchen 佐欽（藏：rdzogs chen；梵：maha ati）：大圓滿「佐巴欽波」（dzokpa chenpo）的簡稱。 | |
| 126 | dzokpa chenpo (Tib.: rdzogs pa chen po; Skt.: maha ati). Great perfection, or great completion; the fruitional teachings of the vajrayana tradition. Maha ati, or dzokchen, is the highest teaching of the Nyingma school, transmitted from India to Tibet by Padmasambhava and Vimalamitra. In the nine-yana system, atiyoga refers to the ninth and final yana. | dzokpa chenpo佐巴欽波、大圓滿（藏：rdzogs pa chen po；梵：maha ati）：金剛乘傳統關於「果」的教導。大圓滿或佐欽是寧瑪派的最高教法，由蓮花生大士與無垢友尊者從印度傳至西藏。九乘體系中，阿底瑜伽指的是最終的第九乘。 | |
| 127 | eight logos (Tib.: druppa kagye; sgrub pa bka’ brgyad). The eight principal deities of mahayoga, along with their tantras and sadhanas. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Logos / Druppa Kagye (chapter 61). | eight logos修部八教（藏：druppa kagye；sgrub pa bka’brgyad）：瑪哈瑜伽的八大主要本尊及其相關的密續與成就法。另見第61章「修部八教」的內容。 | |
| 128 | Ekajati (Skt.: “One Lock of Hair”). A female protector important to the Nyingma lineage; said to be a protector of the maha ati teachings. Ekajati was adopted by Gyurme Tenphel, the eighth Trungpa, as the protector of Surmang Monastery. | Ekajati一髻佛母（梵：「一束頭髮」）：寧瑪傳承中的重要女性護法，教導中提到其為大圓滿教法的守護者。第八世創巴久美．滇貝（Gyurme Tenphel）將一髻佛母奉為蘇芒寺的護法。 | |
| 129 | evam (Skt.). Essential tantric symbol, comprised of the two Sanskrit syllables e and vam. An expression of the union of the feminine principle, or space (e), and the masculine principle, or unchangeable nature (vam). | EVAM欸旺（梵）：基本的密續符號，由「欸」（E）與「旺」（VAM）兩個梵文字母構成，代表女性原則的「欸」（空）與男性原則的「旺」（不變自性）二者雙運。 | |
| 130 | fixation and grasping (Tib.: sung-dzin; gzung ’dzin). The word order of the Tibetan, sung-dzin, reflects the process of how ego arises. Having first fixated on an “other,” we grasp on to ourselves. When the word order is reversed, as in the common English translation of “grasping and fixation,” it reflects a path orientation. On the path, dzinpa (grasping) comes first because it is the first of twofold ego, the ego of self. Sungwa (fixation) comes second because it involves the ego of phenomena, which is more basic and as a result more difficult to overcome. | 執取（取與執）、所取與能取fixation and grasping（藏：sung-dzin，gzung’dzin）：藏文詞彙「聳僅」（取—執）兩字的順序反映了生起「我」的過程。首先，固著（取）一個「他」之後，接著我們執持「我」。而當字詞順序前後顛倒，正如常用的英文翻譯grasping and fixation（執—取），則代表道的方向。在道上，「僅巴」（執）先出現，這是因為它是二我中的第一個，即「人我」；「聳哇」其次出現，因為它是關於現象的我（法我），法我更為根本，因此較難克服。 | |
| 131 | four noble truths (Tib.: denpa shi; bden pa bzhi). The essence of the Buddha’s first turning of the wheel of dharma: (1) suffering, (2) the origin of suffering, (3) the cessation of suffering, and (4) the path. | four noble truths四聖諦（藏：denpa shi，bden pa bzhi）：佛陀初轉法輪的精髓：（1）苦，（2）集（苦的起源）；（3）滅（苦的止息）；（4）道。 | |
| 132 | four reminders (Tib.: lodok namshi; blo ldog rnam bzhi). The four reminders; four thoughts that turn the mind away from samsaric preoccupations and toward the path of dharma. These are contemplations on precious human birth, death and impermanence, karmic cause and effect, and the torment of samsara. | four reminders轉心四思惟（藏：lodok namshi，blo ldog rnam bzhi）：將心從輪迴俗務轉向法道的四種想法。即思惟：人身難得、死亡無常、因果業力、輪廻痛苦（或輪迴過患）。 | |
| 133 | fourth moment. A pure state of consciousness, free from habitual tendencies, which transcends past, present, and future. | fourth moment第四時：心識的清淨狀態，遠離習氣，超越過去、現在、未來。 | |
| 134 | Gampopa (Tib.: sgam po pa; 1079–1153 ce). One of the main lineage holders of the Kagyü lineage. A chief disciple of Milarepa, and the founder of the Takpo Kagyü lineage. His most famous work is The Jewel Ornament of Liberation, a text on the stages of the mahayana path. | Gampopa岡波巴（藏：sgam po pa，1079-1153）：噶舉傳承的主要傳承持有者之一。他是密勒日巴的主要弟子，也是達波噶舉傳承的祖師。他最出名的著作為《解脫莊嚴寶論》，是一部講述大乘道次第的教導。 | |
| 135 | ganachakra (Skt.; Tib.: tsokkyi khorlo; tshogs kyi ’khor lo). Feast offering; a ritual meal that incorporates the eating of meat and drinking of alcohol within the context of a particular sadhana practice. The goal of this practice is to bring desire and sense perceptions onto the path, to repair broken samaya, and to bind together the vajra sangha. | ganachakra薈供輪、薈供（梵；藏：tsokkyi khorlo，tshogs kyi ’khor lo）：一種儀式餐宴，包括為修持特定成就法而進行的食肉與飲酒。此種修持的目的在於把貪欲與感受帶入法道、修復破損的三昧耶，以及使金剛僧伽團結。 | |
| 136 | gandharvas (Skt.). Demigods known for their skill as musicians and singers. | gandharvas乾闥婆（梵）：非天的一種，以善於奏樂歌唱聞名。 | |
| 137 | garbha (Skt.; Tib.: nyingpo; snying po). Essence or nature; womb. | garbha藏（梵；藏：nyingpo，snying po）：精華或自性、胎。 | |
| 138 | garuda (Skt.; Tib.: khyung; khyung). A bird of Indian mythology, often depicted with a large owl-like beak, holding a snake, and with large wings. The garuda is said to hatch fully grown, and hence symbolizes the awakened state of mind. | garuda大鵬金翅鳥、迦樓羅（梵；藏：khyung，khyung）：印度神話中的一種鳥，經常被描繪成具有一個如梟的大喙，持有一蛇，且翅膀巨大。據說大鵬金翅鳥一孵化就已發育完全，因此象徵心的覺醒狀態。 | |
| 139 | gauri (Skt.). A female doorkeeper of the mandala. | gauri高莉、遨哩（梵）：壇城的女性護門尊。 | |
| 140 | Geluk (Tib.: dge lugs; “way of virtue”). One of the four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The Geluk tradition, founded by Tsongkhapa (1357–1419 ce), is known for its emphasis on the observation of monastic rules and thor-ough study of authoritative texts. Since the installation of the Dalai Lamas as heads of state in the seventeenth century, Gelukpas have held political leadership in Tibet. | Geluk格魯（藏：dge lugs，善的方式）：藏傳佛教四大宗派之一。格魯派由宗喀巴（1357-1419）創立，以強調持守寺廟戒律和詳研權威經典而聞名。從達賴喇嘛在十七世紀成為國家元首開始，格魯派在西藏一直掌有政治領導地位。《時輪金剛續》Kalachakra Tantra（梵；藏：Tükyi Khorlo，dus kyi ’khor lo，時間之輪）：一部無上瑜伽續，解釋現象世界、色身、心意之間的關係。以其星相學系統而聞名。 | |
| 141 | ghanta (Tib.: trilbu; dril bu). A ritual bell used in tantric practice. | ghanta鈴（藏：trilbu，dril bu）：密宗修持儀式使用的鈴。 | |
| 142 | göldrip mepar ladawa ~ 此為原書內文的拼音，但詞彙解釋為 köldrip mepar ladawa | göldrip mepar ladawa跨越誤解與遮障（藏：gol sgrib med par la zla ba）：跨越道上的誤解與遮障；心部的第二個類別。 | |
| 143 | gom-me (Tib.: sgom med). Nonmeditation; the fourth of the four yogas of mahamudra. See also appendix 5, under The Four Yogas of Mahamudra / Naljor Shirim (chapter 57). | gom-me無修（藏：sgom med）：大手印四瑜伽中的第四項。另見第57章〈道大手印：禪修的覺受〉關於「大手印四瑜伽」的內容。 | |
| 144 | Great Bhagavat (Skt.). Great Lord; an epithet of the Buddha. | Great Bhagavat大薄伽梵（梵）：指偉大世尊；佛陀的稱號之一。 | |
| 145 | guhya (Skt.; Tib.: sangwa; gsang ba). Secret or hidden. | guhya密（梵；藏：sangwa，gsang ba）：秘密的或隱藏的。 | |
| 146 | guhyamantra (Skt.; Tib.: sang-ngak; gsang sngags). Secret mantra; another term for vajrayana. One of the four characteristics of buddha-families, connected with the realization of a family’s inner nature. See also appendix 5, under Four Ways of Seeing Each of the Twenty-Five Buddha-Families (chapter 47). | guhyamantra密咒（梵；藏：sang-ngak，gsang sngags）：金剛乘的另一種說法。各佛部的四個特性之一，與證得某一佛部的本具自性相關。亦可參閱第47章〈瑜伽乘：完整的結合〉關於「看見二十五佛部各部的四種方式」。 | |
| 147 | Guhyasamaja Tantra (Skt.). A father tantra of the anuttarayoga. Its principal deity belongs to the vajra family and exemplifies the penetrating quality of transmuted anger. | Guhyasamaja Tantra《密集金剛續》（梵）：無上瑜伽部的一部父續。其主尊屬於金剛部，代表被轉化後的瞋心所具有的穿透力特質。 | |
| 148 | guru (Skt.: “heavy”; Tib.: lama; bla ma; “none higher”). Teacher; one who carries the heavy burden of guiding students to awakening. | guru上師（梵，沉重的；藏：lama，bla ma，無上的）：肩負起引導弟子覺醒之重擔者。 | |
| 149 | guru yoga (Skt.; Tib.: la-me naljor; bla ma’i rnal ’byor). The practice of guru devotion. Along with the four reminders and the four preliminary practices (ngöndro), a prerequisite for formal entry into the vajrayana path, as well as a continuing practice throughout the vajrayana path. See also ngöndro. | guru yoga上師瑜伽（梵；藏：la-me naljor，bla ma’i rnal ’byor）：對上師生起虔敬的修持。與轉心四思惟和四種前行修法（ngöndro）一起，是正式進入金剛乘之道的必備條件，也是貫穿整條金剛乘法道的一種持續修持。亦可參閱ngöndro。 | |
| 150 | gya-che chog-lhung mepa (Tib.: rgya che phyogs lhung med pa). Not falling into the extreme of proportion or direction; the fourth category of sem-de. | gya-che chog-lhung mepa不落入極端的範疇或方向（藏：rgya che phyogs lhung med pa）：心部的第四個類別。 | |
| 151 | gyen küntu sangpo (Tib.: rgyan kun tu bzang po). All-good ornamentation; one of the five categories of Samantabhadra. | gyen küntu sangpo莊嚴普賢（藏：rgyan kun tu bzang po）：五種普賢之一。 | |
| 152 | gyü rangshungdu tenpa (Tib.: rgyud rang bzhung du bstan pa). Tantra as its own self-proclamation; one of the three divisions of men-ngag gi de. | gyü rangshungdu tenpa自宣續（藏：rgyud rang bzhung du bstan pa）：續是自宣說的，即本自宣說之續；竅訣部的三個分部之一。 | |
| 153 | gyü thekpa (Tib.: rgyud theg pa; Skt.: tantrayana). Vehicle of continuity; a term for vajrayana. | gyü thekpa續乘（藏：rgyud theg pa；梵：tantrayana）：金剛乘的別名。 | |
| 154 | gyü-de (Tib.: rgyud sde). Tantra section; one of the two divisions of mahayoga practice, the other being drub-de. | gyü-de續部（藏：rgyud sde）：瑪哈瑜伽修持的兩個分部之一，另一部是修部」（drub-de）。 | |
| 155 | gyulü (Tib.: sgyu lus). See illusory body. | gyulü幻身（藏：sgyu lus）：參見illusory body。 | |
| 156 | hatha yoga (Skt.). In the context of mahamudra, hatha yoga refers to a method of working with the body’s internal energy system as a support for the realization of nondual wisdom. | hatha yoga哈達瑜伽（梵）：就大手印而言，哈達瑜伽是指一種法門，運用身體的內部能量系統作為證得無二智慧的所緣。 | |
| 157 | Hayagriva (Skt.; Tib.: Tamdrin; rta mgrin). Horse-headed; the subjugator of Rudra. Third of the eight logos, connected with magical powers and with subjugating and awakening people. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Logos / Druppa Kagye (chapter 61). | Hayagriva馬頭明王（梵；藏：Tamdrin，rta mgrin）：馬頭；魯札的降伏者。「修部八教」的第三尊，與神變力量、調伏和喚醒人們有關。另見第61章「修部八教」的內容。 | |
| 158 | head and shoulders. Holding oneself upright with a quality of presence, confidence, and decorum. | head and shoulders抬頭挺胸：以風度儀態、自信和穩重而挺身直背。 | |
| 159 | heruka (Tib.: thraktung; khrag ’thung). The masculine principle in tantric symbolism, representing skillful means, the action aspect of wisdom. A semiwrathful or wrathful male yidam. The Tibetan term thraktung means “blood drinker,” which refers to drinking the blood of ego-clinging, doubt, and dualistic confusion. | heruka 嘿汝嘎、飲血尊（梵；藏：thraktung，khrag ’thung）：密續象徵概念中的男性原則，代表善巧方便，指智慧的行動面向。為半忿怒或忿怒相的男性本尊。藏文「察通」（thraktung）的意思是「飲血者」，意指飲用我執、懷疑、二元妄念之血。 | |
| 160 | Hevajra (Skt.; Tib.: khe dorje; khe’i rdo rje). A semiwrathful heruka of the mother tantra. | Hevajra喜金剛（梵；藏：khe dorje，khe’i rdo rje）：母續中的半忿怒嘿汝嘎本尊。 | |
| 161 | Hevajra Tantra (Skt.). An anuttarayoga tantra whose central deity is the fierce protective deity Hevajra. This scripture is said to have converted the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan. | Hevajra Tantra《喜金剛續》（梵）：一部無上瑜伽續，當中主尊為威猛守護的喜金剛本尊。教導提到，蒙古皇帝忽必烈因這部典籍而轉為佛教徒。 | |
| 162 | higher tantra. The final three of the six tantric yanas of the nine-yana system: mahayoga, anuyoga, and atiyoga. These are also known as the all-encompassing yanas of skillful means and as the imperial, or conquering, yanas. | higher tantra上部密續、內三續：九乘體系中，六密續法乘的後三乘，即瑪哈瑜伽、阿努瑜伽、阿底瑜伽。這些也被稱作善巧方便遍攝乘、帝王乘或征服乘。 | |
| 163 | hinayana (Skt.; Tib.: thekpa chung; theg pa chung). Lesser or narrow vehicle. The path of individual salvation, based on the practice of meditation and an understanding of basic Buddhist doctrines such as the four noble truths. It provides the essential instruction and training that serves as a basis for both the mahayana and vajrayana. | hinayana小乘（梵；藏：thekpa chung，theg pa chung）：較下等或狹窄的法乘。個人解脫的法道，以修持禪定與理解四聖諦等基本佛教教義為基礎。小乘提供的精要教導與學處，為大乘與金剛乘二者之基礎。 | |
| 164 | hungry ghost (Skt.: preta; Tib.: yidak; yi dvags). An inhabitant of one of the three lower realms of samsara, who suffers from hunger and craving; usually depicted with a very large belly and a very thin neck. | hungry ghost 餓鬼（梵：preta；藏：yidak，yi dvags）：住於輪迴三惡道之一，且承受飢餓和貪欲之苦的眾生；常被形容具有大肚與細頸。 | |
| 165 | hutoktu (Mongolian). Mongolian title for a spiritual teacher; an honorary degree or post as the teacher to the Emperor of China. | hutoktu 呼圖克圖（蒙古文）：對於精神導師的蒙古語稱呼，對中國王朝國師的尊稱或頭銜。 | |
| 166 | illusory body (Tib.: gyulü; sgyu lus). The subtle practice of meditating on appearances as illusory and dreamlike. The dissolving of the physical body at the approach of death—a feat attainable by great masters. See also six dharmas of Naropa. | illusory body幻身（藏：gyulü，sgyu lus）：視顯相如幻如夢的精妙修持。色身於臨終時消融，為大師所證得的稀有成就。亦可參閱那若六法（six dharmas of Naropa）。 | |
| 167 | Indra (Skt.). Lord of the gods in the desire realm, residing at the summit of Mount Meru. | Indra帝釋天（梵）：欲界天眾之王，居住在須彌山頂上。 | |
| 168 | interpretation / beyond interpretation (Tib.: dra chishinpa / sgra ji bzhin pa; dra chishinpa mayinpa / sgra ji bzhin pa ma yin pa). Also referred to as explicit and not explicit. One of the pairs of categories that show how the view of anuttarayoga is special in comparison with lower yanas. “Beyond interpretation” is the view of anuttarayoga. See also chapter 51, “Taking a Fresh Look at the Phenomenal World.” | interpretation / beyond interpretation依聲與不依聲（藏：dra chishinpa/ sgra ji bzhin pa，dra chishinpa mayinpa / sgra ji bzhin pa ma yin pa）：亦被稱作「顯義」（文義相符）或「隱義」（文義不盡相符）。是用來說明無上瑜伽部之見地較下部法乘更為殊勝的幾種表達方式之一。其中，「不依聲」是無上瑜伽的見地。亦可參閱第51章〈重新看待現象世界〉。 | |
| 169 | ishtadevata (Skt.; Tib.: yidam; yi dam). Personal meditational deity. See also yidam. | ishtadevata本尊（梵；藏：yidam，yi dam）：個人的禪修本尊。亦可參閱yidam。 | |
| 170 | ja (Tib.: ’ja’). A fool; a naive person. | ja傻瓜（藏：’ja’）：傻子，天真的人。 | |
| 171 | Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thaye (Tib.: ’jam mgon kong sprul blo gros mtha’ yas; 1813–1899 ce). Also known as Jamgön Kongtrül the Great. One of the most prominent Buddhist masters of nineteenth-century Tibet, credited as one of the founders of the Ri-me, or nonsectarian, movement. He achieved great renown as a scholar and writer, and authored more than one hundred volumes of scriptures. Trungpa Rinpoche used Jamgön Kongtrül’s commentary on the lojong slogan practice, The Great Path of Awakening, and his monumental work, The Treasury of Knowledge, as primary references for his presentation of the three yanas. | Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thaye蔣貢．工珠．羅卓．泰耶（藏：’jam mgon kong sprul blo gros mtha’ yas，1813-1899）：亦稱為偉大蔣貢工珠（Jamgön Kongtrül the Great）。十九世紀西藏最傑出的佛教大師之一，被譽為利美（Ri-me）或不分教派運動的發起人之一。蔣貢．工珠以學者和作家身分而享有盛名，並且編纂了一百多函的著作。創巴仁波切引用蔣貢．工珠對修心要訣的注疏《菩提大道》（The Great Path of Awakening），以及其不朽巨作《知識寶藏》（審校註：或稱《所知藏》），作為介紹三乘的主要參考文獻。 | |
| 172 | Jamgön Kongtrül of Shechen (Tib.: zhe chen ’jam mgon kong sprul; 1901–1960 ce). A prominent incarnation of Jamgön Kongtrül the Great; Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche’s root guru. | Jamgön Kongtrül of Shechen雪謙．蔣貢．工珠（藏：zhe chen ’jam mgon kong sprul；1901-1960）：偉大蔣貢工珠的主要轉世。邱陽．創巴仁波切的根本上師。 | |
| 173 | jnana (Skt.; Tib.: yeshe; ye shes; “primordial knowing”). All-pervasive wisdom or intelligence, which transcends all dualistic conceptualization. | jnana本智、智慧（梵；藏：yeshe，ye shes，本初的了知）：遍及一切的智慧，超越所有的二元分別概念。 | |
| 174 | jnana-dharmakaya (Skt.; Tib.: yeshe chöku; ye shes chos sku). Wisdom dharma-body, usually abbreviated as dharmakaya. See dharmakaya. | jnanadharmakaya智慧法身（梵；藏：yeshe chöku，ye shes chos sku）：通常略稱為「法身」。參閱dharmakaya。 | |
| 175 | jnanasattva (Skt.; Tib.: yeshe sempa; ye shes sems dpa’; “wisdom being”). In vajrayana practice, the actual deity, which is invited to bless one’s visualization of the deity. See also samayasattva. | jnanasattva智慧尊（梵；藏：yeshe sempa；ye shes sems dpa’）：在金剛乘修持中，被迎請來加持自己所觀想者的真實本尊。亦可參閱samayasattva。 | |
| 176 | ka (Tib.: bka’). Sacred word or command. | ka教言（藏：bka’）：神聖的詞語或指示。 | |
| 177 | kadak (Tib.: ka dag). Primordial purity; alpha pure. One of the two principal aspects of the maha ati teachings; the other is lhündrup, or spontaneous presence. | kadak本淨（藏：ka dag）：本初的清淨；初始的清淨。大圓滿教法的兩大面向之一，另一個是任成。 | |
| 178 | Kagyü (Tib.: bka’ brgyud). Command lineage; also known as practice lineage. One of the four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism, stemming from Marpa Lotsawa, a translator who brought many tantric teachings from India to Tibet in the eleventh century. Ka refers to the oral instructions of the guru, which have a quality of command. In this lineage, emphasis is placed on direct transmission from teacher to student. The central practices of this school include mahamudra and the six dharmas of Naropa. As the eleventh Trungpa tülku, Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche was a Kagyü lineage holder, although he also studied within the Nyingma tradition. | Kagyü噶舉（藏：bka’brgyud）：教諭傳承，也稱作實修傳承。藏傳佛教四大派之一，源自瑪爾巴譯師，他於十一世紀時，由印度帶回許多密續教法至西藏。「噶」指的是由上師口授且具有諭令性質的教言。噶舉傳承強調的是由上師親自傳授弟子。這一派的心要修持包括大手印與那若六法。身為第十一世創巴祖古的邱陽．創巴仁波切雖然也曾在寧瑪傳承內學習，但他本身為噶舉傳承持有者。 | |
| 179 | Kalachakra Tantra (Skt.; Tib.: Tükyi Khorlo; dus kyi ’khor lo; “wheel of time”). An anuttarayoga tantra that explains the relationships between the phenomenal world, the physical body, and the mind. It is well-known for its system of astrology. | Kalachakra Tantra《時輪金剛續》（梵；藏：Tükyi Khorlo，dus kyi ’khor lo，時間之輪）：一部無上瑜伽續，解釋現象世界、色身、心意之間的關係。以其星相學系統而聞名。 | 「曆算學」比「星相學」更好 |
| 180 | kalpa (Skt.). An extremely long aeon, sometimes reckoned at 4,320 million years. | kalpa劫（梵）：極為長遠的時期，某些看法認為長達432千萬年之久。 | |
| 181 | kalyanamitra (Skt.; Tib.: ge-we shenyen; dge ba’i bshes gnyen). Spiritual friend; a mahayana teacher, who guides students through wisdom, compassion, and skillful means. | kalyanamitra善知識（梵；藏：ge-we shenyen，dge ba’i bshes gnyen）：大乘導師，以智慧、悲心、善巧方便引導弟子。 | |
| 182 | kama (Tib.: bka’ ma). The oral lineage of teachings in the Nyingma lineage; contrasted with the lineage of teachings derived from terma. See also terma. | Kama噶瑪、教傳（藏：bka’ ma）：寧瑪傳承中的教言傳承，相對於伏藏傳承。亦可參閱伏藏（藏：terma）。 | |
| 183 | Kamalashila (Skt.; ca. 740–795 ce). A student of Shantarakshita, he was the author of the Bhavanakrama (Stages of Meditation), an important text on mahayana meditation. | Kamalashila蓮花戒（梵；約740-795）：寂護的弟子，著有《禪修次第》（Bhavanakrama），此為大乘禪修的一部重要典籍。 | |
| 184 | karma (Skt.; Tib.: le; las; “action”). The chain-reaction process of action and result. According to this doctrine, one’s present condition is a product of previous actions and volitions, and future conditions depend on what one does in the present. In the mandala of the five buddha-families, karma is the buddha-family associated with the North, the buddha Amoghasiddhi, the klesha of envy, and the wisdom of all-accomplishing action. See also appendix 5, under The Five Buddha-Families (chapter 26). | karma 業、行（梵；藏：le，las，行為）：業行及其果報的連鎖反應過程。根據這個教義，一個人當下的狀況是過去行為與意念的產物，未來的情況則取決於個人當下的作為。在五佛部的壇城中，業（音譯：羯摩）與北方、不空成就佛、嫉妒煩惱、成所作智相關。亦可參閱第26章 〈五佛部壇城〉的內容。 | |
| 185 | Karma Pakshi (Tib.: karma pakshi; 1206–1283 ce). The second Karmapa, who was considered to be a siddha. Invited by the Chinese emperor, he accompanied the great Sakya lama on a visit to China, and had a great spiritual influence on China. | Karma Pakshi噶瑪．巴希（藏：karma pakshi，1206 1283年）：第二世噶瑪巴，是公認的成就者。他接受中國皇帝的邀請，與一位偉大的薩迦派上師一同造訪中國，對漢地的修道影響甚鉅。 | |
| 186 | Karma Trinlepa (Tib.: karma ’phrin las pa; 1456–1539 ce). A Kagyü poet and scholar; teacher of the eighth Karmapa, Mikyö Dorje. | Karma Trinlepa噶瑪．欽列巴（藏：karma ’phrin las pa，1456 1539）：噶舉派的詩人與學者，為第八世噶瑪巴米覺．多傑（Mikyö Dorje）之上師。 | |
| 187 | karmamudra (Skt.; Tib.: lekyi chaggya; las kyi phyag rgya). A tantric practice involving the union of male and female. It is associated with the third, or prajna-jnana, abhisheka. | karmamudra事業手印（梵；藏：lekyi chaggya，las kyi phyag rgya）：與男女雙運相關的一種密續修持。與第三灌頂、智慧灌頂有關。 | |
| 188 | Karmapa (Tib.: karma pa). The spiritual head of the Karma Kagyü school and the oldest tülku lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. The Karmapa is considered to be an emanation of Avalokiteshvara, the bodhisattva of compassion. The sixteenth Karmapa Rikpe Dorje (1924–1981) was the Kagyü lineage holder during Trungpa Rinpoche’s lifetime. The current, or seventeenth, Karmapa is Ogyen Trinley Dorje (b. 1985). | Karmapa噶瑪巴（藏：karma pa）：噶瑪噶舉派的精神領袖，也是藏傳佛教最古老的轉世傳承。噶瑪巴被認為是大悲觀世音菩薩的化身。創巴仁波切在世時，噶舉傳承的掌教者為第十六世噶瑪巴日佩．多傑（Rikpe Dorje，1924-1981）。現任的噶瑪巴為第十七世大寶法王鄔金．欽列．多傑（Ogyen Trinley Dorje；1985生）。 | |
| 189 | karmic seed (Skt.: bija). The seed sown by every action, which will eventually bear fruit in terms of experience, whether in this or in future lives. See also karma. | karmic seed業種、業力種子（梵：bija）：由每一個行為所播下的種子，無論是在今生或來世之中，必定將體驗其結果。亦可參閱karma。 | |
| 190 | karuna (Skt.). See compassion. | karuna悲心（梵）：參見compassion。 | |
| 191 | kaya (Skt.; Tib.: ku; sku). Body, form. In Tibetan, ku is the honorific for “body,” referring particularly to the body of a buddha or exalted teacher. See also trikaya. kayas, three. See trikaya. | kaya身（梵；藏：ku，sku）：身體，形相。藏文中，ku 是身體的敬語，專指佛陀或殊勝上師的身。亦可參閱 trikaya。 | |
| 192 | kayas, three. See trikaya. | kayas, three三身：參見trikaya。 | |
| 193 | kham (Tib.: khams). See dhatu. | kham界域（藏：khams）：參見dhatu。 | |
| 194 | khatam (Tib.: kha gtam). Legend, tale; one of the three divisions of men-ngag gi de. | khatam傳說（藏：kha gtam）：傳說、故事；竅訣部三類法之一。 | |
| 195 | khathor (Tib.: kha thor). Random, scattered; one of the three divisions of men-ngag gi de. | khathor零散（藏：kha thor）：隨意的、零散的；竅訣部三類法之一。 | |
| 196 | khenpo (Tib.: mkhan po). Scholar, abbot; a title for a teacher who has completed a major course of studies in Buddhist thought. | khenpo堪布（藏：mkhan po）：學者、住持。已完成佛教思想主修課程的老師頭銜。 | |
| 197 | Khenpo Gangshar Wangpo (Tib.: mkhan po gang shar dbang po; 1925–? ce). A renowned twentieth-century Nyingma master and khenpo of Shechen Monastery, whose main student was Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche. Famed for his instruction in crazy wisdom, Khenpo Gangshar was invited by Trungpa Rinpoche to teach at the shedra (monastic college) at Surmang Monastery. | Khenpo Gangshar Wangpo岡夏．旺波堪布（藏：mkhan po gang shar dbang po；1925年生，卒年不詳）。二十世紀著名的寧瑪派大師，為雪謙寺之堪布，其主要弟子即邱陽．創巴仁波切。岡夏堪布以其狂智教法而聞名，曾受創巴仁波切邀請至蘇芒寺佛學院傳法。 | |
| 198 | khor-de rulok (Tib.: ’khor ’das ru log). Samsara and nirvana turned upside down; reversing one’s perspective in order to understand samsara and nirvana properly. | khor-de rulok輪涅顛倒（藏：’khor ’das ru log）：輪迴與涅槃二者顛倒；逆轉感知，以便能正確理解輪迴與涅槃。 | |
| 199 | khor-we nyemik (Tib.: ’khor ba’i nyes dmigs). The torment of samsara; the fourth of the four reminders. See also appendix 5, under The Four Reminders (chapter 30). | khor-we nyemik輪迴過患（藏：’khor ba’i nyes dmigs）：「轉心四思惟」中的第四項。亦可參閱第30章〈轉心四思惟〉的內容。 | |
| 200 | khorwa (Tib.: ’khor ba). See samsara. | khorwa輪迴（藏：’khor ba）：參見samsara。 | |
| 201 | Khyentse the Great (1820–1892 ce; Tib.: ’jam dbyangs mkhyen brtse’i dbang po). Also known as Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo. A great master, scholar, and tertön, regarded as a reincarnation of both Vimalamitra and King Trisong Detsen. Along with Jamgön Kongtrül, he was a founder of the Ri-me movement of Tibetan Buddhism. | Khyentse the Great 偉大之欽哲（藏：’jam dbyangs mkhyen brtse’i dbang po）：亦稱蔣揚．欽哲．旺波（1820-1892）。一位偉大的上師、學者和伏藏師，被認為是無垢友與赤松德贊王的化身。與蔣貢．工珠同樣為藏傳佛教利美運動的創始人。 | |
| 202 | kila (Skt.; Tib.: phurba; phur ba). A ritual three-bladed dagger used symbolically to cut through the kleshas of passion, aggression, and ignorance. | kila橛、普巴（梵；藏：phurba，phur ba）：儀式用的三刃橛，象徵切斷貪、嗔、癡的煩惱。 | |
| 203 | klesha (Skt.; Tib.: nyönmong; nyon mongs). Defilement or conflicting emotion; also referred to as a poison. Kleshas are properties that dull the mind and lead to unwholesome actions. The three principal kleshas are passion, aggression, and ignorance or delusion. | klesha煩惱（梵；藏：nyönmong，nyon mongs）：染污或煩惱，也稱為毒。煩惱令心意渾沌，引發不善的行為。三大主要煩惱是貪、嗔、癡或迷妄。 | |
| 204 | köldrip mepar ladawa (Tib.: gol sgrib med par la zla ba). Stepping over misunderstandings and obstacles on the path; the second category of sem-de. | köldrip mepar ladawa跨越誤解與遮障（藏：gol sgrib med par la zla ba）：跨越道上的誤解與遮障；心部的第二個類別。 | |
| 205 | Krishnacharya (Skt.). One of the eighty-four mahasiddhas; a teacher of Tilopa. | Krishnacharya黑行者（梵）：八十四大成就者之一；帝洛巴的上師。 | |
| 206 | kriyayoga (Skt.; Tib.: cha-we gyü; bya ba’i rgyud). Action yoga; the yoga of purification. In the nine-yana system, the first of the three lower tantric yanas. See also appendix 5, under The Nine Yanas (chapter 40). | kriyayoga事續、事部瑜伽（梵；藏：cha-we gyü，bya ba’i rgyud）：淨化的瑜伽。九乘體系中，三個下部續乘的第一者。亦可參閱第40章〈事部瑜伽：信任實相〉關於「九乘」的內容。 | |
| 207 | ku (Tib.: sku). See kaya. | ku身（藏：sku）：參見kaya。 | |
| 208 | ku yeshe (Tib.: sku ye shes). Wisdom body; the inseparability of form (ku) and wisdom (yeshe). In mahamudra, ku is related with cutting the fetters of samsara, and yeshe is related with spaciousness, or emptiness. | ku yeshe智身（藏：sku ye shes）：身（ku）與智（yeshe）的相融無別。在大手印中，身是關於切斷輪迴的束縛，而智是關於寬闊性或空性。 | |
| 209 | kunda (Skt.). The jasmine flower; used as an analogy, it may refer to the color white, the full moon, semen, or bodhichitta. One of the five main ingredients of amrita. See also appendix 5, Five Ingredients Used to Create Amrita (chapter 61). | Kunda茉莉花（梵）：用來代表白色、滿月、父精或菩提心的一種比喻。甘露的五大成分之一。參閱第61章關於「用來製作甘露的五種成分」的內容。 | |
| 210 | kundalini (Skt.: “coiled”). A spiritual force said to lie at the base of the spine, ready to be aroused through yogic practice. | kundalini拙火（梵文的意思是「盤繞的」）：一種修道力量，教導中提到，拙火位於脊椎底部，可由瑜伽修持點燃。 | |
| 211 | kündzop (Tib.: kun rdzob). Relative or conventional; usually contrasted with töndam, the absolute or ultimate. Sometimes used as an abbreviation of kündzop denpa (kun rdzob bden pa), or “relative truth.” See also töndam. | Kündzop世俗的或相對的（藏：kun rdzob）：通常與「究竟的」或「勝義的」（töndam）相對。有時用作「世俗諦」（kun rdzob bden pa）的簡稱。參見töndam。 | |
| 212 | Künga Gyaltsen (early 15th century; Tib.: kun dga’ rgyal mtshan; “all-joyful victory banner”). The first Trungpa, a student of Trung Ma-se. | Künga Gyaltsen貢噶．堅贊（藏：kun dga’ rgyal mtshan，普喜勝幢）：第一世創巴仁波切，創．瑪瑟的弟子。 | |
| 213 | künshi (Tib.: kun gzhi). See alaya. | künshi阿賴耶（藏：kun gzhi）：參見alaya。 | |
| 214 | künshi ngangluk kyi gewa (Tib.: kun gzhi ngang lugs kyi dge ba). The natural virtue of the alaya, which is a gateway to yeshe, or wisdom; a synonym of basic goodness. | künshi ngangluk kyi gewa阿賴耶之本善（藏：kun gzhi ngang lugs kyi dge ba）：通往本智之門，亦為「本初善」的同義詞。 | |
| 215 | küntak (Tib.: kun brtags; Skt.: parikalpita). Random labeling; false conceptions. | küntak遍計所執（藏：kun brtags；梵：parikalpita）：任意貼標籤、錯謬的概念分別。 | |
| 216 | Küntu Sangpo (Tib.: kun tu bzang po). See Samantabhadra. | Küntu Sangpo普賢（藏：kun tu bzang po）：參見Samantabhadra。 | |
| 217 | kusha (Skt.). A grass considered sacred in India, used by the Buddha as a meditation cushion. The grass is also used in ritual ceremonies. | kusha吉祥草（梵）：一種在印度被視為神聖的草，佛陀以吉祥草作為禪修蒲團。吉祥草也用在法會儀式中。 | |
| 218 | kye-che (Tib.: skye mched). See ayatana. | kye-che處、入（藏：skye mched）：參見ayatana。 | |
| 219 | kye-me (Tib.: skye med). Unborn, birthless. | kye-me無生（藏：skye med）。 | |
| 220 | kyerim (Tib.: bskyed rim). See utpattikrama. | kyerim生起次第（藏：bskyed rim）：參見utpattikrama。 | |
| 221 | kyilkhor (Tib.: dkyil ’khor). See mandala. | kyilkhor壇城（藏：dkyil ’khor）：參見mandala。 | |
| 222 | ladawa (Tib.: la zla ba). To leap over, to bypass; the direct, as opposed to the gradual, path. | ladawa跨越（藏：la zla ba）：跳過、越過；代表的是有別於漸修法道的直接法道。 | |
| 223 | lam (Tib.: lam; Skt.: marga). Path. | lam道（藏：lam；梵：marga）。 | |
| 224 | lam küntu sangpo (Tib.: lam kun tu bzang po). All-good path. One of the five types of Samantabhadra. See also appendix 5, under Five Types of Samantabhadra (chapter 4). | lam küntu sangpo道普賢（藏：lam kun tu bzang po）：五種普賢之一。亦可參閱第4章關於「五種普賢」的內容。 | |
| 225 | lama (Tib.: bla ma). See guru. | lama喇嘛、上師（藏：bla ma）：參見guru。 | |
| 226 | la-me gyü (Tib.: bla med rgyud). Highest tantra; one of the four divisions of anuttarayoga. See also appendix 5, under The Four Divisions of Anuttarayoga (chapter 54). | la-me gyü無上續（藏：bla med rgyud）：最高的密續；無上瑜伽四部之一。亦可參閱第54章 〈四類無上瑜伽〉關於「四部無上瑜伽」的內容。 | |
| 227 | la-me naljor (Tib.: bla ma’i rnal ’byor). See guru yoga. | la-me naljor上師瑜伽（藏：bla ma’i rnal ’byor）：參見guru yoga。 | |
| 228 | lamkhyer (Tib.: lam khyer). Carrying all life circumstances to the path. | lamkhyer轉為道用（藏：lam khyer）：將一切生活際遇帶入法道。 | |
| 229 | Langdarma (Tib.: glang dar ma). The grandson of Trisong Detsen, Langdarma ruled Tibet from approximately 838 to 841 ce. Langdarma was responsible for the religious persecution of Buddhists and the decline of dharma in eighth-century Tibet. | Langdarma朗達瑪（藏：glang dar ma）：赤松德贊的孫子，大約在西元838-841年間統治西藏。西藏當地於西元八世紀時，在朗達瑪主導下迫害佛教徒，導致當時佛法衰微。 | |
| 230 | le (Tib.: las). Action, karma. | le業、行：（藏：las）。 | |
| 231 | le gyu dre (Tib.: las rgyu ’bras). Cause and effect of actions, or karma; the third of the four reminders. See also appendix 5, under The Four Reminders (chapter 30). | le gyu dre業力因果（藏：las rgyu ’bras）：「轉心四思惟」的第三項。亦可參閱第30章〈轉心四思惟〉的內容。 | |
| 232 | len tang nammin la rewa mepa (Tib.: lan dang rnam smin la re ba med pa). Without hoping for a result or reward; the attitude of true generosity. | len tang nammin la rewa mepa不求果報（藏：lan dang rnam smin la re ba medpa）：不希求結果或報答，真正布施的心態。 | |
| 233 | lesu rungwa (Tib.: las su rung ba). Workability; pliancy. | lesu rungwa堪任、堪能（藏：las su rung ba）：可運用性、堪任性或相應性。 | |
| 234 | lhak-pe sugnyen gyi kyilkhor (Tib.: lhag pa’i gzugs brnyan gyi dkyil ’khor). Mandala of extra form; one of eight types of mandala in the mahayoga tantra. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Mandalas of Mahayoga (chapter 60). | lhak-pe sugnyen gyi kyilkhor更勝形相壇城（藏：lhag pa’i gzugs brnyan gyi dkyil ’khor）：瑪哈瑜伽續的八種壇城之一。亦可參閱第60章關於「瑪哈瑜伽八壇城」的內容。 | |
| 235 | lhak-pe tingdzin gyi kyilkhor (Tib.: lhag pa’i ting ’dzin gyi dkyil ’khor). Mandala of extra meditation; one of eight types of mandala in the mahayoga tantra. See also appendix 5, The Eight Mandalas of Mahayoga (chapter 60). | lhak-pe tingdzin gyi kyilkhor更勝禪定壇城（藏：lhag pa’i ting ’dzin gyi dkyil ’khor）：瑪哈瑜伽續的八種壇城之一。亦可參閱第60章關於「瑪哈瑜伽八壇城」的內容。 | |
| 236 | lhaksam (Tib.: lhag bsam; “superior thinking”). Another term for vipashyana. | lhaksam增上意樂（藏：lhag bsam，殊勝的思惟）：勝觀（毘婆舍那）的另一種說法。 | |
| 237 | lhakthong. See vipashyana. | lhakthong勝觀、毘婆舍那：參見vipashyana。 | |
| 238 | lhenchik kye-pe yeshe (Tib.: lhan cig skyes pa’i ye shes). See coemergent wisdom. | lhenchik kye-pe yeshe俱生智（藏：lhan cig skyes pa’i ye shes）：參見coemergent wisdom。 | |
| 239 | lhündrup (Tib.: lhun grub). Spontaneous presence, one of the two principal aspects of the maha ati teachings, the other being kadak, or primordial purity. A characteristic of mahayoga practice and one of three qualities of the Great East. See also note on page xxiv and appendix 5, under The Three Qualities of the Great East (chapter 1). | lhündrup任成（藏：lhun grub）：任運自成，大圓滿教法的兩大主要方面之一，另一個是本淨。任成是瑪哈瑜伽的修持特點，也是「大東」的三種特質之一。亦可參閱編輯導言關於「香巴拉法教」的內容，以及創巴仁波切遺教法寶：三乘法教系列《如是，我能見真實》第一章〈東方大日之黎明〉關於「大東的三個功德」的內容。 | |
| 240 | lhündrup kyi kyilkhor (Tib.: lhun grub kyi dkyil ’khor). Mandala of self-existence or spontaneous presence; one of eight types of mandala in the mahayoga tantra. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Mandalas of Mahayoga (chapter 60). | lhündrup kyi kyilkhor任運壇城（藏：lhun grub kyi dkyil ’khor）：本自存在或任運自成的壇城；阿努瑜伽續三種壇城之一。亦可參閱第64章關於阿努瑜伽「三壇城」的內容。 | |
| 241 | litri (Tib.: li khri; Skt.: sindura). Red lead; vermillion. A medicinal mineral used in ritual ceremonies. | litri黃丹（藏：li khri；梵：sindura）：紅色鉛丹。法會儀式中使用的一種醫藥性礦物質。 | |
| 242 | lo (Tib.: blo). Mind, or basic intellect. It is formally defined as “that which is clear and aware” (Tib.: sel shing rikpa; gsal zhing rig pa). | lo心（藏：blo）：意，或根本的智慧，心的正式定義是「明而覺」（藏：sel shing rikpa，gsal zhing rig pa）。 | |
| 243 | lodok namshi. See four reminders. | lodok namshi轉心四思惟：參見four reminders。 | |
| 244 | lodral (Tib.: blo bral). Free from conceptualization, or intellect. | lodral洛札（藏：blo bral）：離於分別念，或「慧」。 | |
| 245 | lodral chogdzin ledepa (Tib.: blo bral phyogs ’dzin las ’das pa). Transcending attachment to intellect and to nonintellectual fixations and bias. Free from concepts and going beyond fixations; the sixth category of sem-de. | lodral chogdzin ledepa超越對智識與非智識的固執偏見執著（藏：blo bral phyogs ’dzin las ’das pa）：遠離概念並超越執著，此為心部的第六類。 | |
| 246 | lodrö (Tib.: blo gros). Intelligence, discriminating intellect; the transcendental form of lo. | lodrö洛追（藏：blo gros）：慧，妙觀察慧。代表出世間的心（lo）。 | |
| 247 | Lodrö Thaye. See Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thaye. | Lodrö Thaye 羅卓．泰耶：參見Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thaye。 | |
| 248 | lojong (Tib.: blo sbyong). Mind training; specifically, cultivating loving-kind-ness and compassion by practicing the slogans of the Seven Points of Mind Training, a teaching compiled by Geshe Chekawa Yeshe Dorje and attributed to Atisha. | lojong修心（藏：blo sbyong）：對心的修煉，尤指通過修持《修心七要》口訣來培養慈悲心。《修心七要》是傳承自阿底峽尊者的法教，並由切卡瓦．耶喜．多傑格西編撰而成。修道上的唯物spiritual materialism：基於對修道體驗的執著而追求修道和宗教，使修行之道衰敗而成為個人權力和自我膨脹的根源。 | |
| 249 | long (Tib.: klong). Space, expanse. Nondirectional space. | long界（藏：klong）：虛空、廣袤。無有方向的空間。 | |
| 250 | long-de (Tib.: klong de). Category of space; one of the three principal divisions of the maha ati teachings. | long-de界部（藏：klong de）：阿底教法三大分部中的一部。 | |
| 251 | long karpo (Tib.: klong dkar po). White space. Space in which there is no action; one of the four types of space described in the long-de section of maha ati. | long karpo白界（藏：klong dkar po）：其中沒有行為的界；大圓滿界部中提到的四界之一。 | |
| 252 | long nakpo gyu mepa (Tib.: klong nag po rgyu med pa). Black space free from a cause. One of the four types of space described in the long-de section of maha ati. | long nakpo gyu mepa無因黑界（藏：klong nag po rgyu med pa）：大圓滿界部中提到的四界之一。 | |
| 253 | long rabjam (Tib.: klong rab ’byams). All-encompassing space. One of the four types of space described in the long-de section of maha ati. | long rabjam廣袤界、完全攝收之界（藏：klong rab ’byams）：涵攝一切的界。大圓滿界部中提到的四界之一。 | |
| 254 | long trawo natsok rangshar gyen (Tib.: klong khra bo sna tshogs rang shar rgyan). Self-arising ornament of multicolored space. Space of the playfulness of mind, one of the four types of space described in the long-de section of maha ati. | long trawo natsok rangshar gyen花界、雜色界的自現莊嚴（藏：klong khra bo sna tshogs rang shar rgyan）：嬉戲心之界，大圓滿界部中提到的四界之一。 | |
| 255 | Longchen Rabjam (Tib.: klong chen rab ’byams; 1308–1363 ce). Also known as Longchenpa. A great scholar of the Nyingma lineage, who bore the title “All-Knowing.” A prolific author, he played an important role in the transmission of the dzokchen teachings. | Longchen Rabjam龍欽．冉江（藏：klong chen rab ’byams，1308-1363）：亦稱「龍欽巴」。寧瑪傳承的偉大學者，被譽為「遍知」。他是一位著作豐富的作家，為大圓滿法教傳承極為重要的上師。 | |
| 256 | longku (Tib.: longs sku). See sambhogakaya. | longku報身（藏：longs sku）：參見sambhogakaya。 | |
| 257 | lopham (Tib.: blo pham; “defeated mind”). Disappointment, discouragement. | lopham沮喪（藏：blo pham，被打敗的心）：沮喪、灰心。 | |
| 258 | loppön (Tib.: slob dpon). See dorje loppön. | loppön洛本、阿闍梨、導師（藏：slob dpon）：參見 dorje loppön。 | |
| 259 | lo-te (Tib.: blo gtad; “directing the mind”). Trust, confidence. | lo-te信任（藏：blo gtad，讓心投注於某處）：信任、信心。 | |
| 260 | lo-te lingkyur (Tib.: blo gtad ling bskyur). Complete abandonment; trusting completely and being willing to let go. A quality of devotion. | 完全捨棄lo-te lingkyur（藏：blo gtad ling bskyur）：全然地信任，並且願意放下。虔心的特質之一。 | |
| 261 | lower tantra. In the nine-yana system, the first three of the six tantric yanas—kriyayoga, upayoga, and yogayana—along with the mahamudra teachings of highest yoga tantra, or anuttarayoga. See also appendix 5, under The Nine Yanas (chapter 40). | lower tantra下部密續（外續）：九乘體系中，續部六乘的前三乘（事部瑜伽、行部瑜伽與瑜伽乘），再加上無上瑜伽的大手印教法。 | |
| 262 | luminosity (Tib.: ösel; ’od gsal; Skt.: prabhasvara). The vividness of appearance that arises within, and is inseparable from, emptiness; the inherently clear and radiant nature of mind. | luminosity光明（藏：ösel，’od gsal；梵：prabhasvara）：由內顯現的豁然明朗，與空性無可分別。代表本具的了然光明心性。 | |
| 263 | lung (Tib.: lung). Reading transmission; authorization to study a text or to practice a sadhana by listening to it being read. | lung口傳（藏：lung）：藉由聽聞文本或成就法的讀誦，而獲得能夠研讀該部文本或修持該成就法的授權。 | |
| 264 | madhyamaka (Skt.; Tib.: uma; dbu ma). The Middle Way school of mahayana Buddhism; a philosophical school based on the dialectical approach of undercutting any attempt to establish a solid logical position, developed by the great logician Nagarjuna. | madhyamaka中觀（梵；藏：uma，dbu ma）：大乘佛教中觀派。大論師龍樹所發展出來的一個佛學宗派，以辯證方式為基礎，將任何建立堅定邏輯立論的企圖都予以斬除。 | |
| 265 | madhyamika (Skt.). A proponent of the philosophical school of madhyamaka. | madhyamika中觀派支持者（梵）：主張或支持中觀學派的人。 | |
| 266 | ma-gyü (Tib.: ma rgyud). See mother tantra. | ma-gyü母續（藏：ma rgyud）：參見mother tantra。 | |
| 267 | maha ati (Skt.). See dzokpa chenpo. | maha ati大圓滿（梵）：參見佐巴欽波、大圓滿（dzokpa chenpo）。 | |
| 268 | Mahamaya (Skt.; Tib.: gyuma chenmo; sgyu ma chen mo; “great illusion”). A mother tantra of the anuttara tantra. Its principal deity, associated with the vajra family, is depicted as blue, four-armed, and in union with consort. | Mahamaya大幻（梵； 藏：gyuma chenmo，sgyu ma chen mo）：無上瑜伽續的一部母續，主尊與金剛部相關，其身色為藍，具有四臂，且為雙身相。 | |
| 269 | mahamudra (Skt.; Tib.: chaggya chenpo; phyag rgya chen po; “great symbol”). The meditative transmission handed down especially by the Kagyü school, from the buddha Vajradhara through Tilopa up to the present. A tradition of systematic meditative training, leading to a direct nonconceptual understanding of the vivid-empty nature of phenomenal reality. | mahamudra大手印（梵；藏：chaggya chenpo，phyag rgya chen po，偉大的記號）：特指由噶舉派所傳下的禪修傳承。大手印的法教自金剛持佛傳授給帝洛巴後，流傳至今。大手印是系統性的禪修訓練傳統，藉此能對諸法實相之明空自性獲得直接無分別的了證。 | |
| 270 | Mahamudra-tilaka-tantra (Skt.). The Mahamudra Drop Tantra; a principal tantra of the mahamudra lineage. | Mahamudra-tilaka-tantra《大手印明點續》（梵）：大手印傳承的主要密續典籍。 | |
| 271 | mahasangha (Skt.). Great sangha, or community of practitioners. | mahasangha瑪哈僧伽、大比丘眾（梵）：偉大的僧伽或修行人僧團。 | |
| 272 | mahasattva (Skt.; Tib.: sempa chenpo; sems dpa’ chen po). Great being; a term referring to great bodhisattvas, often at the level of the seventh bhumi or higher. | mahasattva摩訶薩埵、大士（梵；藏：sempa chenpo，sems dpa’ chen po）：偉大者。用來代表大菩薩的一種稱號，通常指七地以上的菩薩。 | |
| 273 | mahasiddha (Skt.). A great siddha or adept. Refers to highly accomplished tantric masters known for their great spiritual powers and the joining of spiritual attainment with a variety of ordinary and eccentric lifestyles. | mahasiddha大成就者（梵）：具有偉大成就的密續大師，他們因偉大的修道力量，以及將修行成就與各種凡俗且古怪的生活方式結合而聞名。 | |
| 274 | mahasukha (Skt.; Tib.: dewa chenpo; bde ba chen po). Great bliss. A term for the quality of the experience of egolessness in mahamudra. According to mahamudra, ego is a kind of filter standing between the mind and its world. When this filter is removed, one experiences a bliss beyond pleasure and pain. | mahasukha大樂（梵；藏：dewa chenpo，bde ba chen po）：大手印所使用的術語，代表無我覺受的特質。大手印的教導中提到，自我是心與心的世界之間相隔的一層濾鏡，去除這個濾鏡之後，就能體驗到超越苦樂的大樂。 | |
| 275 | Mahavairochana (Skt.). Name of an important Buddhist tantra; one of the central texts of the Japanese Shingon sect. | Mahavairochana大日如來、《大日經》（梵）：《大日經》（即《大毗盧遮那成佛神變加持經》）為重要的佛教密續典籍，是日本真言宗的主要典籍之一。審校註：此梵文也可代表大日如來本尊，即毗盧遮那佛。 | |
| 276 | mahavipashyana (Skt.). A greater experience of vipashyana, associated with the practice of mahamudra. See also vipashyana. | mahavipashyana摩訶毘婆奢那、大觀（梵）：一種更為勝妙的毘婆舍那（勝觀）體驗，與大手印的修持有關。另見觀、勝觀、毘婆奢那（vipashyana）。 | |
| 277 | mahayana (Skt.; Tib.: thekpa chenpo; theg pa chen po). Great vehicle; the second of the three yanas, which emphasizes the union of emptiness and compassion, the practice of the paramitas, and the ideal of the bodhisattva. | mahayana大乘（梵；藏：thekpa chenpo，theg pa chen po）：三乘中的第二乘，強調空性與悲心的結合（空悲雙運）、六波羅蜜多的修持，並以菩薩為理想典範。 | |
| 278 | mahayoga (Skt.; Tib.: naljor chenpo; rnal ’byor chen po). The yoga of great union. In the nine-yana system, the first of the three higher tantric yanas, known as the all-encompassing yanas of skillful means, the imperial or conquering yanas. See also appendix 5, under The Nine Yanas (chapter 40). | mahayoga瑪哈瑜伽（梵；藏：naljor chenpo，rnal’byor chen po）：大雙運的瑜伽。九乘體系中，上部續乘的第一者，亦稱作善巧方便的遍攝乘或帝王乘。亦可參閱第40章〈事部瑜伽：信任實相〉關於「九乘」的內容。 | |
| 279 | maitri (Skt.; Pali: metta; Tib.: champa; byams pa). Friendliness, loving-kind-ness; one of the four limitless qualities that are to be cultivated on the bodhisattva path. | maitri慈心（梵；巴利文：metta；藏：champa，byams pa）：友善、慈愛。菩薩道所要培養的四無量心之一。 | |
| 280 | Mamaki (Skt.). The female buddha of the vajra family, the consort of Akshobhya. | Mamaki瑪瑪姬（梵）：金剛部的佛母，不動佛的明妃。 | |
| 281 | mamo (Tib.: ma mo; Skt.: matarah). Wrathful female deity who brings disease and catastrophe to those who violate tantric precepts, but prosperity to practitioners who do not violate their vows. The sixth of the eight logos, connected with the practice of the mother’s curse. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Logos / Druppa Kagye (chapter 61). | mamo瑪嫫（藏：ma mo；梵：matarah）：女性忿怒尊，對於違犯密續戒律之人，瑪嫫將帶來疾病和災難；而對於不違背自己誓言的修行人，她則會為其帶來繁榮與興旺。瑪嫫是「修部八教」的第六尊，與母性原則的詛咒修法有關。另見第61章「修部八教」的內容。 | |
| 282 | mandala (Skt.; Tib.: kyilkhor; dkyil ’khor; “center and periphery”). A symbolic representation of cosmic forces in two- or three-dimensional form, with a center and four gates in the four cardinal directions. Typically, a mandala includes a central deity, representing the brilliant sanity of buddha nature, surrounded by a retinue in the four principal directions. The outer world, one’s body, one’s state of mind, and the totality can all be seen as mandalas. | mandala曼陀羅、壇城、中圍（梵；藏：kyilkhor，dkyil ’khor，中央與周圍）：象徵宇宙力量的二維或三維形象，壇城中間為中心，四大方位則有四門。通常一個典型的壇城包括一位主尊，代表佛性的光燦明智，其周圍四方則有眷屬環繞。外在世界、身體、心的狀態，以及其整體都可被視為壇城。 | |
| 283 | mandala nopika (Skt.; Tib.: tsogdrup; tshogs sgrub). Group practice of a sadhana, usually conducted for a specific length of time, such as ten or fifteen days, or a month. | mandala nopika共修、薈供（梵；藏：tsogdrup，tshogs sgrub）：修持某部成就法的團體共修，通常有一定的修持期間，如十天、十五天或一個月等。 | |
| 284 | Manjushri (Skt.; Tib.: Jampal; ’jam dpal). Bodhisattva of wisdom, usually depicted holding a prajnaparamita text and a sword, symbolizing the power of prajna and the cutting of twofold ego. | Manjushri文殊師利（梵；藏：Jampal，’jam dpal）：象徵智慧的菩薩，其形相通常是一手持般若經、一手持劍，象徵般若力量與斬斷二我。 | |
| 285 | Manjushri-nama-sangiti (Skt.). Chanting the Names of Manjushri. A famous praise of Manjushri, sometimes referred to as the “king of all tantras.” | Manjushri-nama-sangiti《文殊真實名經》（梵；英：Chanting the Names of Manjushri）：著名的文殊禮讚文，有時稱作為「一切密續之王」。 | |
| 286 | mantra (Skt.; Tib.: ngak; sngags; “mind protection”). Sanskrit words or syllables that are recited as a means of transforming energy through sound. In tantric practice, mantras are practiced in conjunction with meditation and mudras, or symbolic gestures. | mantra真言、咒語（梵；藏：ngak，sngags，心的守護）：念誦梵語或字母，是一種藉由聲音而轉化能量的方式。在密續修持中，咒語會和禪定、手印，或象徵手勢一起修持。 | |
| 287 | mantrayana (Skt.; Tib.: ngakkyi thekpa; sngags kyi theg pa). Mantra vehicle; a synonym for vajrayana, whose meditation practices make extensive use of mantra. Sometimes referred to as the “secret mantrayana” or “secret mantra.” | mantrayana咒乘（梵；藏：ngakkyi thekpa，sngags kyi theg pa）：金剛乘的同義詞。金剛乘在禪修中廣泛地使用咒語。有時也稱為「密咒乘」或「密咒」。 | |
| 288 | margyi sangthal (Tib.: mar gyi zang thal; “confidence below”). Samsaric style of being confident. | margyi sangthal徑直向下（ 藏：mar gyi zang thal）：意指「向下的信心」，具有輪迴式的信心。 | |
| 289 | marked with Samantabhadra (Tib.: Küntu Sangpo gyethoppa; kun tu bzang po rgyas thob pa). The quality of totality and basic goodness. The first of the seven aspects of vajrayana. See also appendix 5, under Seven Aspects of Vajrayana (chapter 6). | marked with Samantabhadra以普賢為印（藏：Küntu Sangpo gyethoppa，kun tu bzang po rgyas thob pa）：整體性與本初善的性質。金剛乘七面向中的第一項。亦可參閱第6章〈金剛乘的七個面向—初念之前的間隙〉的內容。 | |
| 290 | Marpa Lotsawa (Tib.: mar pa lo tsa ba; 1012–1097 ce). A renowned translator, Marpa brought the mahamudra teaching of Naropa and Maitripa to Tibet, becoming the first Tibetan in the Kagyü lineage. His most famous student was the great yogin Milarepa. | Marpa Lotsawa馬爾巴（1012–1097）將那若巴與梅紀巴的大手印教法帶到西藏，成為噶舉傳承的首位藏人上師。他最出名的弟子是大瑜伽士密勒日巴。 | |
| 291 | Matram Rudra (Skt.). See Rudra. | Matram Rudra樓陀羅（梵）：參見Rudra。 | |
| 292 | men-ngag gi de (Tib.: man ngag gi sde). Category of oral instruction; one of the three divisions of the maha ati teachings. | men-ngag gi de竅訣部（藏：man ngag gi sde）：大圓滿三部之一。 | |
| 293 | mikthur (Tib.: mig thur). Eye stick; ritual instrument used in an abhisheka to remove students’ blindfolds and point out the mandala. | mikthur眼扦、眼針（藏：mig thur）：灌頂中用來移除弟子縛眼布和指出壇城的法器。 | |
| 294 | Milarepa (Tib.: mi la ras pa; 1040–1123 ce). Tibet’s most famous yogin, Milarepa was famous for his ascetic discipline and songs of realization. He was the principal disciple of Marpa, and his student Gampopa founded the Takpo Kagyü lineage. | Milarepa密勒日巴（藏：mi la ras pa，1040-1123）：密勒日巴是西藏最有名的瑜伽士，以其苦行戒律與道歌聞名。密勒日巴是馬爾巴的主要弟子，他的弟子岡波巴創立了達波噶舉傳承。 | |
| 295 | Mipham Rinpoche (Tib.: mi pham rin po che; 1846–1912 ce). A major scholar of the Nyingma and Ri-me traditions. He wrote over thirty-two volumes on such diverse topics as painting, poetics, sculpture, alchemy, medicine, logic, philosophy, and tantra. Also referred to as Mipham Jamyang Gyatso, Ju Mipham, or Jamgön Mipham. | Mipham Rinpoche米滂仁波切、麥彭仁波切（藏：mi pham rin po che，1846-1912）：寧瑪與利美傳統的大學者，有超過三十二函的著述，涵蓋題材廣闊，包括繪畫、聲明、雕塑、煉丹、醫藥、因明、哲學和密續。也被稱作米滂．蔣揚．嘉措（Mipham Jamyang Gyatso）、局．米滂（Ju Mipham）或蔣貢．米（Jamgön Mipham）。 | |
| 296 | mögü (Tib.: mos gus). Devotion; the combination of longing and humility. | mögü虔敬（藏：mos gus）：渴求與謙卑的結合。 | |
| 297 | mother tantra (Tib.: ma-gyü; ma rgyud). One of the four divisions of anutta-rayoga. In general, mother tantras present deities associated with transmuting passion into enlightened energy. The Chakrasamvara Tantra and Hevajra Tantra are examples of mother tantras. See also appendix 5, under The Four Divisions of Anuttarayoga (chapter 54). | mother tantra母續（藏：ma-gyü，ma rgyud）：無上瑜伽四個分類之一。母續中的本尊，通常與轉貪為證悟能量有關。《勝樂金剛續》與《喜金剛續》是母續的範例。亦可參閱第54章〈無上瑜伽的分類〉中關於「四類無上瑜伽」的內容。 | |
| 298 | mudra (Skt.; Tib.: chaggya; phyag rgya). Sign, symbol, gesture. Usually a reference to symbolic hand gestures that accompany vajrayana practices. Mudra can also refer to the consort of a deity or yogin, as in the term karmamudra. Also, one of four characteristics of buddha-families. See also appendix 5, under Four Ways of Seeing Each of the Twenty-Five Buddha-Families (chapter 47). | mudra手印（梵；藏：chaggya，phyag rgya）：象徵、符號、手勢。通常指修持金剛乘所用的象徵性手勢。手印也可以指本尊或瑜伽士的明妃，像是「業手印」的用法。此外，也是各佛部的四個特性之一。 | |
| 299 | nadi (Skt.; Tib.: tsa; rtsa). A subtle channel in the body through which energy, or prana, flows. | nadi脈（梵；藏：tsa，rtsa）：身體中的細微脈道，能量或氣在這些脈道中流動。 | |
| 300 | Nagarjuna (Skt.; second to third century ce). A great Indian teacher of Buddhism, the founder of the madhyamaka school of Buddhist philosophy. He contributed greatly to the logical development of the doctrine of shunyata and was the author of many key texts. According to tradition, he was also the guru of various important Buddhist teachers. | Nagarjuna龍樹（梵，西元二至三世紀）：偉大的印度佛教上師，佛教宗義中觀派的創立人，對於空性教義的邏輯發展貢獻宏偉，是許多關鍵著作的作者。根據傳承的沿革而言，他也是許多不同重要佛法導師的上師。 | |
| 301 | Nairatmya (Skt.; Tib.: Dagmema; bdag med ma; “egoless”). Consort of the deity Hevajra. | Nairatmya無我母（梵；藏：Dagmema，bdag med ma；「無我的」）：喜金剛本尊的明妃。 | |
| 302 | naljor shirim (Tib.: rnal ’byor bzhi rim). The four yogas of mahamudra: one-pointedness, simplicity, one taste, and nonmeditation. | naljor shirim大手印四瑜伽（藏：rnal ’byor bzhi rim）：專一、離戲、一味、無修。 | |
| 303 | Namgyal-tse (Tib.: rnam rgyal rtse; “all-victorious peak”). One of the two main monasteries of Surmang, the other being Dütsi Tel. | Namgyal-tse南嘉則（藏：rnam rgyal rtse，尊勝頂）：蘇芒的兩座主要寺廟之一，另一為甘露丘（Dütsi Tel）。 | |
| 304 | nangsi yeshe kyi khorlo shepa (Tib.: snang srid ye shes kyi ’khor lo shes pa). Knowing that all phenomena are included in the sphere of wisdom; one definition of mandala. | nangsi yeshe kyi khorlo shepa了知一切現象都包含在本智界中（藏 snang srid ye shes kyi ’khor lo shes pa）：壇城的定義之一。 | |
| 305 | nangtong (Tib.: snang stong). Appearance-emptiness. | nangtong顯空（藏：snang stong）。 | |
| 306 | nangwa-gyur (Tib.: snang ba ’gyur). Changing what you see; changing perception. In terms of the ground, path, and fruition of devotion, it is the path of blessings. | nangwa-gyur改變所見、改變感知（藏：snang ba ’gyur）：就虔心的基、道、果而言，此為加持之道。 | |
| 307 | Naropa (Skt. 1016–1100 ce). An Indian mahasiddha and scholar of Nalanda University, who was a disciple of Tilopa and a teacher of Marpa. | Naropa那若巴（梵，1016-1100）：一位印度的大成就者，也是那爛陀大學的學者。他是帝洛巴的弟子、馬爾巴的上師。 | |
| 308 | Nedo Kagyü (Tib.: gnas mdo bka’ rgyud). A subsect of the Kagyü lineage, founded by Karma Chagme (1613–1678 ce). | Nedo Kagyü內多噶舉（藏：gnas mdo bka’ rgyud）：噶舉傳承的一個支派，由噶瑪．恰美（Karma Chagme，1613-1678）創立。 | |
| 309 | New Translation school (Tib.: sarma; gsar ma). The tantric teachings of the Kagyü, Sakya, and Geluk lineages of Tibetan Buddhism, which were brought to Tibet through the translations from Sanskrit begun by Rinchen Sangpo (958–1055 ce) and continued notably by Marpa (1012–1097 ce). | New Translation school新譯派（藏：sarma，gsar ma）：藏傳佛教中，噶舉、薩迦、格魯傳承的密續教法。起自仁欽．桑波（Rinchen Sangpo，寶賢，958-1055）翻譯梵文而將這些教法開始引入西藏，進而由馬爾巴（1012-1097）持續將新譯派教法引入西藏。 | |
| 310 | ngak (Tib.: sngags). See mantra. | ngak真言、咒語（藏：sngags）：參見mantra。 | |
| 311 | ngakkyi thekpa (Tib.: sngags kyi theg pa). Mantrayana; another term for vajrayana. | ngakkyi thekpa密咒乘（藏：sngags kyi theg pa）：金剛乘的另一個說法。 | |
| 312 | ngedön (Tib.: nges don; Skt.: nitartha). True, or definitive, meaning. One of the categories that shows how the view of anuttarayoga is special in comparison with lower yanas. Views are considered as true in meaning if they are ultimate, needing no further qualification or interpretation. Contrasted with trangdön, or literal meaning. See also trangdön and chapter 51, “Taking a Fresh Look at the Phenomenal World.” | ngedön了義（藏：nges don；梵：nitartha）：真實的意義或絕對的意義。顯示無上瑜伽之見地較下部密續殊勝的一種分類。如果見地是究竟的，不需要進一步的條件限制或解說，這樣的見地就被視為「了義」。相對的是「不了義」或字面上的意義（trangdön）。亦可參閱「不了義」（trangdön）與第51章〈重新看待現象世界〉。 | |
| 313 | ngödrup (Tib.: dngos grub). See siddhi. | ngödrup成就（藏：dngos grub）：參見 siddhi。 | |
| 314 | ngöndro (Tib.: sngon ’gro). That which goes ahead. Four traditional preliminary practices done before one receives vajrayana empowerment: usually 100,000 repetitions each of the refuge formula, prostration practice, Vajrasattva mantra recitation, and mandala offering. Often followed by guru yoga, which is a further preliminary. | Ngöndro前行、加行（藏：sngon ’gro）：走在前面的。接受金剛乘灌頂之前所做的四項傳統前行修持。一般包含各十萬遍的皈依文、大禮拜、金剛薩埵咒、供曼達等修持。之後通常再加上上師瑜伽，那是更進一步的前行修持。 | |
| 315 | ngo-she (Tib.: ngo shes). Recognition, familiarity; in particular, recognition of the true nature of mind. | ngo-she認出（藏：ngo shes）：認識、熟識，尤其是認出心的真實自性。 | |
| 316 | ngotrö (Tib.: ngo sprod). See transmission. | ngotrö直指教法、傳法（藏：ngo sprod）：參見transmission。 | |
| 317 | nidana (Skt.; Tib.: tendrel; rten ’brel). One of the twelve links of interdependent origination, the samsaric cycle of cause and effect: ignorance, karmic formations, consciousness, name and form, the six senses, contact, feeling, craving, grasping, becoming, birth, and old age and death. The web of mutually conditioned psychological and physical phenomena that constitute individual existence and entangle sentient beings in samsara. | nidana緣起（梵；藏：tendrel，rten ’brel）：因果輪迴循環的十二緣起支。十二緣起是：無明、行、識、名色、六處、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死；這個由相互制約之身心現象所形成的網，構成了個人的存在，並將有情眾生束縛在輪迴中。 | |
| 318 | Niguma (Skt.). A great female practitioner, who was the consort of Naropa. | Niguma尼古瑪（梵）：一位偉大的女修行者，那若巴的明妃。 | |
| 319 | nirmanakaya (Skt.; Tib.: tülku; sprul sku). Emanation body. One of the three kayas. See also trikaya. | nirmanakaya化身（梵；藏：tülku，sprul sku）：三身之一。另見 trikaya。 | |
| 320 | nirvana (Skt.: “extinguished”; Tib.: nya-ngen ledepa; mya ngan las ’das pa; “gone beyond suffering”). Freedom from the sufferings of samsara; a synonym of enlightenment. | nirvana涅槃（梵，寂滅的；藏：nya-ngen ledepa，mya ngan las ’das pa，超越苦）：遠離輪迴諸苦的解脫。是「證悟」（enlightenment）的同義詞。 | |
| 321 | no obstacles (Tib.: parchö mepa; bar gcod med pa). Total awareness without obstacles or hazards. The fifth of the seven aspects of vajrayana. See also appendix 5, under Seven Aspects of Vajrayana (chapter 6). | no obstacles無障礙（藏：parchö mepa，bar gcod med pa）：沒有障礙或危險的全然覺知。金剛乘七個面向中的第五個。亦可參閱第6章〈金剛乘的七個面向—初念之前的間隙〉。 | |
| 322 | nopika (Skt.; Tib.: druppa; sgrub pa). Essential practice, divided into two types: solitary practice and group practice. | nopika成就法、修部（梵；藏：druppa，sgrub pa）：不可或缺的重要修持，分作兩類：個人獨修與團體共修。 | |
| 323 | nowness (Tib.: data; da lta). The spontaneous mind of the present instant, free from past or future; a synonym of ordinary mind. | nowness當下（藏：data，da lta）：現在這一刻的自然心，遠離過去或未來。平常心的同義詞。 | |
| 324 | nyam (Tib.: nyams). A temporary experience of meditation practice. | nyam驗相、覺受（藏：nyams）：禪修時的暫時體驗。 | |
| 325 | nyam kongphel (Tib.: nyams gong ’phel). Increased experience; the second of the four visions, or stages, of maha ati practice. | nyam kongphel驗相增長（藏：nyams gong ’phel）：大圓滿修持當中四種驗相的第二相。 | |
| 326 | nyi-me gyü (Tib.: gnyis med rgyud). Nondual or union tantra; one of the four divisions of anuttarayoga. See also appendix 5, under The Four Divisions of Anuttarayoga (chapter 54). | nyi-me gyü無二續（藏：gnyis med rgyud）：無二續或雙運續；無上瑜伽部的四個類別之一。亦可參閱第54章〈四類無上瑜伽〉的內容。 | |
| 327 | Nyingma (Tib.: rnying ma; “ancient”). One of the four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism. It adheres to the oldest Buddhist traditions of Tibet, which were brought to Tibet from India by Padmasambhava in the eighth century. The Nyingma school is known for originating the nine-yana system and system-atizing the maha ati, or dzokchen teachings. | Nyingma寧瑪（藏：rnying ma，古老的）：藏傳佛教四大宗派之一，依止西藏最古老的佛教傳統，即由蓮花生大士在西元第八世紀從印度引入西藏的教法。寧瑪派以開創九乘體系與將大圓滿教法系統化而聞名。 | |
| 328 | nyönmong (Tib.: nyon mongs). See klesha. | nyönmong煩惱（藏：nyon mongs）：參見klesha。 | |
| 329 | nyuksem (Tib.: gnyug sems). Innate mind; primordial mind. | nyuksem本心、原始心（藏：gnyug sems）：固有的心，原始的心。 | |
| 330 | Old Translation school (Tib.: nga-gyur; snga ’gyur). The Nyingma lineage of Tibetan Buddhism, whose teaching tradition is based on the first texts translated from Sanskrit into Tibetan in the eighth century. | Old Translation school舊譯派（藏：nga-gyur，snga ’gyur）：藏傳佛教的寧瑪傳承，法教基礎為西元八世紀首批翻譯自梵文的典籍。 | |
| 331 | one-and-a-half-fold egolessness (Tib.: dagme che tang nyi; bdag med phyed dang gnyis). The egolessness of self and a partial realization of the egolessness of phenomena. | one-and-a-half-fold egolessness一個半無我（藏：dagme che tang nyi; bdag med phyed dang gnyis）：人無我，以及對法無我一部分的了證。 | |
| 332 | oryoki (Jpn.). “Just enough.” From Zen Buddhism, a formal meal ritual that utilizes a set of nesting bowls, and is practiced during extended group meditation sessions. | oryoki應量器、正念食禪（日文，恰好齋）：「恰恰足夠」。來自禪宗佛教，一種正式的用餐儀式，並使用一組大小不同交疊的缽。為團體禪修時的延伸修持。 | |
| 333 | ösel (Tib.: ’od gsal). See luminosity. | ösel光明（藏：’od gsal）：參見luminosity。 | |
| 334 | ösel dorje thekpa (Tib.: ’od gsal rdo rje theg pa). The luminous, indestructible vehicle; another term for vajrayana. | ösel dorje thekpa光明乘（藏：’od gsal rdo rje theg pa）：金剛乘的另一種說法。 | |
| 335 | padma (Skt.). Lotus. In the five-buddha-family mandala, the buddha-family associated with the West, the buddha Amitabha, the klesha of passion, and discriminating-awareness wisdom. See also appendix 5, under The Five Buddha-Families (chapter 26). | padma蓮花（梵）：在五佛部的壇城中，與西方、阿彌陀佛、貪欲煩惱、妙觀察智相關的佛部。亦可參閱 〈五佛部壇城〉的內容（第26章）。 | |
| 336 | Padmasambhava (Skt.; Tib.: Pema Jungne; pad ma ’byung gnas; “Lotus Born”). Known as the second buddha, Padmasambhava was an Indian mahasiddha and great teacher who helped bring Buddhism to Tibet in the eighth century, founding the Nyingma lineage. Also referred to as Guru Rinpoche. | Padmasambhava蓮花生、貝瑪桑巴伐（梵；藏：Pema Jungne，pad ma ’byung gnas，貝瑪炯內）：世稱「第二佛」，印度的大成就者，也是在西元第八世紀將佛教傳入西藏並創立寧瑪派的偉大導師。又稱「咕汝仁波切」（Guru Rinpoche）。 | |
| 337 | pagyang (Tib.: bag yangs; “carefree”). Natural relaxation. | pagyang自在（藏：bag yangs，無憂無慮的）：自然的鬆坦。 | |
| 338 | pal (Tib.: dpal). Glory; splendor. | pal神聖（藏：dpal）：光榮，光輝。 | |
| 339 | paramita (Skt.; Tib.: pharöl tu chinpa; pha rol tu phyin pa; “gone to the far shore”). Transcendent perfection of the mahayana. The six paramitas are generosity, discipline, patience, exertion, meditation, and prajna. | paramita波羅蜜多、波羅蜜（梵；藏：pharöl tu chinpa，pha rol tu phyin pa，度過彼岸）：大乘的出世間圓滿。六波羅蜜多是布施、持戒、安忍、精進、禪定、般若慧。 | |
| 340 | peyi yeshe (Tib.: dpe yi ye shes). Example wisdom. In the third abhisheka of anuttarayoga, the after-experience of the joy of union. | peyi yeshe喻智慧（藏：dpe yi ye shes）：無上瑜伽第三灌頂時，在雙運大樂後的體驗。 | |
| 341 | pha-gyü (Tib.: pha rgyud). Father tantra; one of the four divisions of anut-tarayoga. See also appendix 5, under The Four Divisions of Anuttarayoga (chapter 54). | pha-gyü父續（藏：pha rgyud）：無上瑜伽四個分類之一。亦可參閱第54章〈無上瑜伽的分類〉中關於「四類無上瑜伽」的內容。 | |
| 342 | phowa (Tib.: ’pho ba; “transference”). The practice of transferring one’s consciousness to a pure realm, such as Sukhavati, at the time of death; one of the six dharmas of Naropa. | Phowa遷識、頗瓦（藏：’pho ba，遷移）：臨終時，將心識遷移到極樂世界等淨土的修持。此為那若六法之一。 | |
| 343 | phowe pakchak (Tib.: ’pho ba’i bag chags). The habitual pattern of transmitgration. In terms of thought patterns, the process of the cessation of one thought followed by the arising of the next thought. | phowe pakchak遷轉的習氣（藏：’pho ba’i bag chags）：就念頭模式來說，即一個念頭停止而下一個念頭又生起的過程。 | |
| 344 | Phullahari (Skt.). Kagyü monastery near Kathmandu, Nepal. | Phullahari普拉哈里（梵）：尼泊爾加德滿都附近的噶舉寺廟。 | |
| 345 | postmeditation (Tib.: jethop; rjes thob). Follow-up to a formal meditation session. Carrying the awareness cultivated in meditation into all activities of one’s daily life. | postmeditation座下、後得位（藏：jethop，rjes thob）：正式禪修之後的時間。將禪修所培養出的覺知帶到日常生活的一切活動中。 | |
| 346 | prabhasvara (Skt.). See luminosity. | prabhasvara光明（梵）：參見luminosity. | |
| 347 | prajna (Skt.; Tib.: sherap; shes rab). Perfect knowledge, meaning wisdom, understanding, or discrimination. The natural sharpness of awareness that sees, discriminates, and also sees through conceptual discrimination. In vajrayana, prajna corresponds to the feminine principle of space, the mother of wisdom, which is united with the masculine principle of upaya, or skillful means. | prajna般若（梵；藏：sherap，shes rab）：圓滿之慧，意味著智慧、理解、分辨。覺知的自然銳利性，能夠見到、分辨、看透概念化的分別。在金剛乘中，般若對應的是空或界的女性原則，即智慧之母，並與善巧方便的男性原則結合。 | 「陰性原則」或「陽性原則」比「女性原則」或「男性原則」更好 |
| 348 | prajnaparamita (Skt.; Tib.: sherap kyi pharöltu chinpa; shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa). Knowledge gone beyond; transcendent knowledge. The sixth paramita of the bodhisattva path; also, the Prajnaparamita Sutras are a series of mahayana sutras on emptiness. The insight that discovers that both the self and the world are illusory constructions. The mother of all the buddhas and of all knowledge. | Prajnaparamita般若波羅蜜多（梵；藏：sherap kyi pharöltu chinpa，shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa）：超越或出世之慧，菩薩道的第六個波羅蜜多。《般若波羅蜜多經》是一系列教導空性的大乘佛經。發現自我與世間都是虛幻建構的洞察力。是一切佛與一切慧之母。 | |
| 349 | prana (Skt.; Tib.: lung; rlung). Wind, breath, or energy. Prana is the energy, or “wind,” that circulates through the nadis, or subtle channels, of the body. | prana氣（梵；藏：lung，rlung）：風、呼吸（息）、能量。在體內細微脈道中循環的能量或「風」。 | |
| 350 | pranayama (Skt.). Breath control. A form of yoga practiced in the vajrayana, which involves working with the illusory body of nadi, prana, and bindu. | pranayama瑜伽調息法（梵）：呼吸控制法。金剛乘所修持的一種瑜伽形式，涉及運用幻身的脈、氣、明點。 | |
| 351 | pratyekabuddha (Skt.; Tib.: rang sang-gye; rang sangs rgyas). Solitary realizer. In the hinayana, one who attains liberation from samsara without the benefit of a teacher and who does not teach others. | pratyekabuddha緣覺、獨覺（梵；藏：rang sang-gye，rang sangs rgyas）：獨自覺悟者。小乘中，無需導師的協助而從輪迴中成就解脫的行者，並不教導他人。 | |
| 352 | pratyekabuddhayana (Skt.; Tib.: rang sang-gye thokpa; rang sangs rgyas thog pa). The hinayana path of the “solitary realizer.” The second yana in the nine-yana system. See also appendix 5, under The Nine Yanas (chapter 40). | pratyekabuddhayana緣覺乘（梵；藏：rang sang-gye thokpa，rang sangs rgyas thog pa）：小乘的緣覺之道。九乘體系中的第二乘。 | |
| 353 | rakta (Skt.). Blood; one of the five ingredients that are transformed from poison into amrita. See also appendix 5, Five Ingredients Used to Create Amrita (chapter 61). | rakta大紅、血（梵）：血；能轉化為甘露的五毒物之一。亦可參閱第61章關於「製造甘露的五種成分」的內容。 | |
| 354 | rangdröl (Tib.: rang grol). Self-liberated. A commonly used image for self-liberation is a snake that unravels itself. | rangdröl自解脫（藏：rang grol）：常用來代表自解脫的圖像，是一條把自己解開的蛇。 | |
| 355 | Rangjung Dorje (Tib.: rang ’byung rdo rje; 1284–1339 ce). The third Karmapa. A noted scholar born into a Nyingma family, he received both the full Nyingma and Kagyü transmissions. | Rangjung Dorje讓炯．多傑（藏：rang ’byung rdo rje，1284-1339 ）：第三世噶瑪巴。出身自寧瑪派家族的著名學者，領受過完整的寧瑪與噶舉教法。 | |
| 356 | rangjung gi yeshe (Tib.: rang byung gi ye shes). Self-born or self-existing wisdom. | rangjung gi yeshe自生智（藏：rang byung gi ye shes）：自生或本自存在的智慧。 | |
| 357 | rangnang ri-me (Tib.: rang snang ris med). Experience without any bias. The anuyoga experience of unbiased passion, characterized by prajna, indivisibility, and completeness. | rangnang ri-me毫無偏見的投射（藏：rang snang ris med）：無偏私的阿努瑜伽體驗，具有般若、相融無別、完整的特質。 | |
| 358 | rangshin gyi kyilkhor (Tib.: rang bzhin gyi dkyil ’khor). Mandala of self-existence; one of eight types of mandala in mahayoga tantra. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Mandalas of Mahayoga (chapter 60). | rangshin gyi kyilkhor自性壇城（藏：rang bzhin gyi dkyil ’khor）：本自存在的壇城；瑪哈瑜伽續的八種壇城之一。亦可參閱第60章關於「瑪哈瑜伽八壇城」的內容。 | |
| 359 | rangshin nerik (Tib.: rang bzhin gnas rigs). Naturally abiding potential; the way things are as they are. | rangshin nerik自然住本性（藏：rang bzhin gnas rigs）：本性安住的潛能，事物本然如是的樣子。審校註：其他解釋方式可譯為本性住種性，請參見第51章〈重新看待現象世界〉。 | |
| 360 | rangtong (Tib.: rang stong; “empty of self ”). The madhyamaka view that maintains that each phenomenon is empty of itself—i.e., what it seems to be—and denies that anything further can be said. Usually contrasted with the view of shentong. See also shentong. | rangtong自空（藏：rang stong）：「本自為空」。中觀宗的見地，認為一切法或一切現象都是本自為空—也就是諸法是由顯現而存在，並且駁斥任何更多的描述。通常與「他空」的見地相對。亦可參閱他空（shentong）。 | |
| 361 | ratna (Skt.; “jewel”). In the mandala of the five buddha-families, the buddha-family associated with the South, the buddha Ratnasambhava, the klesha of pride, and the wisdom of equanimity. See also appendix 5, under The Five Buddha-Families (chapter 26). | ratna 寶（梵）：五佛部壇城中，與南方、寶生佛、傲慢煩惱、平等性智有關的佛部。亦可參閱〈五佛部壇城〉的內容（第26章）。 | |
| 362 | refuge vow. The vow marking one’s formal entry onto the Buddhist path, in which one commits to respect and follow the Buddha as teacher, the dharma as instruction, and the sangha as companions. | refuge vow皈依戒：標誌一個人正式進入佛教之道的誓戒，承諾要尊敬並依止佛陀作為導師、佛法作為教示、僧伽作為道伴。 | |
| 363 | rigdzin (Tib.: rig ’dzin). See vidyadhara. | rigdzin持明（藏：rig ’dzin）：參見vidyadhara。 | |
| 364 | rigdzin thekpa (Tib.: rig ’dzin theg pa). See vidyadharayana. | rigdzin thekpa持明乘（藏：rig ’dzin theg pa）：參見vidyadharayana。 | |
| 365 | rig-ngak (Tib.: rig sngags). See vidyamantra. | rig-ngak明咒（藏：rig sngags）：參見下一則（vidyamantra）。 | |
| 366 | rikpa (Tib.: rig pa; Skt.: vidya). Insight, awareness, knowing. Clearly seeing things as they are. In the teachings of maha ati, rikpa is the pristine nature of mind that transcends ordinary dualistic mind. | rikpa明、覺性、本覺、了知（藏：rig pa；梵：vidya）：清楚地見到事物的本來面目。在大圓滿教法中，本覺代表超越凡俗二元心的清淨無染心性。 | |
| 367 | rikpa küntu sangpo (Tib.: rig pa kun tu bzang po). All-good insight. One of the five types of Samantabhadra. See also appendix 5, under Five Types of Samantabhadra. | rikpa küntu sangpo覺性普賢（藏：rig pa kun tu bzang po）：五種普賢之一。亦可參閱第4章關於「五種普賢」的內容。 | |
| 368 | Rikpa Rangshar Chenpö Gyü (Tib.: rig pa rang shar chen po’i rgyud). The Tantra of Great Self-Arising Awareness; a maha ati tantra. | Rikpa Rangshar Chenpö Gyü《廣大覺性自現續》（藏：rig pa rang shar chen po’i rgyud）：大圓滿的一部續。 | |
| 369 | rikpa tsephep (Tib.: rig pa tshad phebs). Awareness reaching its full measure; the third of the four visions, or stages, of maha ati practice. | rikpa tsephep覺性達量（藏：rig pa tshad phebs）：覺性臻至最大的限量。大圓滿修持當中四種驗相或說是四種階段的第三個。 | |
| 370 | rinpoche (Tib.: rin po che; “precious”). An honorific title for a teacher, particularly an incarnate lama, or tülku. | Rinpoche仁波切、珍寶（藏：rin po che，珍貴的）：對於上師的尊稱，尤其用來尊稱轉世喇嘛或祖古。 | |
| 371 | rishi (Skt.; Tib.: trangsong; drang srong). An Indian saint or sage; advanced practitioner. | rishi 仙人（梵；藏：trangsong，drang srong）：印度的聖人、大修行人。 | 也有「賢哲」的意思 |
| 372 | rochik (Tib.: ro gcig). One taste; the third of the four yogas of mahamudra. See also appendix 5, under The Four Yogas of Mahamudra / Naljor Shirim (chapter 57). | rochik一味（藏：ro gcig）：大手印四瑜伽中的第三項。亦可參閱 第57章〈道大手印：禪修的覺受〉關於「大手印四瑜伽」的內容。 | |
| 373 | rölpa (Tib.: rol pa). Display, expression; one of the characteristics of mind. | rölpa遊戲、遊舞（藏：rol pa）：化現、示現，是心的特性之一。 | |
| 374 | Rudra (Skt.). A personification of the destructive principle of ultimate ego, which is the complete opposite of buddhahood. According to a traditional story, Rudra was a student who killed his teacher because the teacher contradicted and criticized him. | Rudra樓陀羅、魯札（梵）：一種擬人化象徵，代表「究竟自我」的破壞性原則，與成佛完全對立。在傳說故事中，樓陀羅因為受到上師的駁斥和批評，於是殺害了自己的上師。 | |
| 375 | rupa (Skt.; Tib.: suk; gzugs). Body; form. | rupa色、色相（梵；藏：suk，gzugs）：身體、形相。 | |
| 376 | sacred outlook (Tib.: tagnang; dag snang; “pure appearance”). Pure perception. The awareness that all phenomena are sacred. The perception of self-existing sacredness, which leads to the experience of unconditional freedom. | sacred outlook觀、淨相、清淨現分（藏：tagnang，dag snang，清淨顯相）：一切現象皆為神聖的覺知。本自神聖的感知，因而體驗到無條件的自由。 | |
| 377 | sadhaka (Tib.: druppapo; sgrub pa po). Vajrayana practitioner; one who practices a sadhana. | sadhaka薩達卡（藏：druppapo，sgrub pa po）：金剛乘修行者；修持成就法的人。 | |
| 378 | sadhana (Skt.). Practice. A vajrayana liturgy incorporating visualization practice, formless meditation, mantras, and mudras. Sadhana can refer to a particular text, such as a Vajrayogini sadhana or Chakrasamvara sadhana, or to the practice itself. | sadhana成就法（梵）：金剛乘的儀軌，包含觀想修持、無相禪修、咒語及手印。成就法可以指某部特定的文本，例如：《金剛瑜伽女成就法》或《勝樂金剛成就法》，也可以用來指修持本身。 | |
| 379 | Sadhana of Mahamudra. Also called the Sadhana of the Embodiment of All the Siddhas. A sadhana written by Chögyam Trungpa during his retreat at Taktsang, or Tiger’s Nest cave, in Bhutan, the site where the great Indian saint, Padmasambhava, meditated and manifested as Dorje Trolö, his crazy-wisdom form. This sadhana joins together the figures of Dorje Trölo and the second Karmapa, Karma Pakshi, symbolizing the union of mahamudra and maha ati. | Sadhana of Mahamudra《大手印儀軌》：也稱作《一切成就者總集成就法》（Sadhana of the Embodiment of All the Siddhas）。邱陽．創巴仁波切在不丹虎穴閉關期間所撰著的一部成就法，該處是偉大印度聖哲蓮花生大士禪修並化現為忿怒金剛（多傑．卓洛）之處。忿怒金剛是蓮師的狂智形相。這部成就法結合了忿怒金剛與第二世噶瑪巴（噶瑪．巴希）的形象，象徵大手印與大圓滿的結合。 | |
| 380 | sadhu (Skt.). A renunciate who has left behind all material attachments, living in caves, forests, and temples. | sadhu印度教苦行僧（梵）：捨離一切物質貪著，居住在洞穴、森林、寺廟中的出家僧人。 | |
| 381 | Sakya (Tib.: sa skya; “gray earth”). One of the four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism, named after the Sakya Monastery in southern Tibet. Founded in 1083 ce and known for creating a systematic order for the tantric writings and for examination of problems of Buddhist logic, the Sakya tradition had great political influence in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. | Sakya薩迦（藏：sa skya，灰土）：藏傳佛教四大派之一，此名出自於西藏南部的薩迦寺。薩迦派創立於西元1083年，以對密續法教的系統次第和對佛教邏輯的問題檢視而聞名。薩迦傳統在西元第十三、十四世紀曾具有廣大的政治影響力。 | |
| 382 | samadhi (Skt.; Tib.: tingdzin; ting ’dzin). Meditative absorption. A state of total involvement in which the mind rests without distraction, and the content of the meditation and the meditator’s mind are one. | Samadhi 三昧、三摩地（梵；藏：tingdzin，ting ’dzin）： 一種完全投入的狀態。在這個狀態中，心鬆坦而完全不散亂，禪修對境與禪修者的心合而為一。 | |
| 383 | samadhisattva (Skt.: tingdzin sempa; ting ’dzin sems dpa’; “samadhi being”). The samadhi principle, often represented by a Sanskrit syllable in the heart center of a visualized deity. | 三摩地尊、禪定尊 samadhisattva（梵:tingdzin sempa;ting ’dzin semsdpa’）：三摩地原則，通常是觀想一個位於本尊心間的梵文字母作為代表。 | |
| 384 | Samantabhadra (Skt.; Tib.: Küntu Sangpo; kun tu bzang po; “all good”). In the Nyingma tradition, Samantabhadra is the dharmakaya, or primordial, buddha. He is depicted as naked and blue in color. As one of the seven aspects of vajrayana, “marked with Samantabhadra” refers to a quality of totality and basic goodness. See also appendix 5, under Seven Aspects of Vajrayana (chapter 6). | Samantabhadra普賢（梵；藏：Küntu Sangpo，kun tu bzang po）：在寧瑪傳統中，普賢王如來是法身或本初佛，被描繪為裸身、藍色的形象。作為金剛乘七個面向之一，「以普賢莊嚴」指的是整體性與本初善的性質。亦可參閱第6章 〈金剛乘的七個面向〉。 | |
| 385 | Samantabhadri (Skt.; Tib.: Küntu Sangmo; kun tu bzang mo; “all-good lady”). In the Nyingma lineage, the female primordial buddha and consort of Samantabhadra. | Samantabhadri普賢王佛母（梵；藏：Küntu Sangmo，kun tu bzang mo，普賢之女性）：在寧瑪傳承中，普賢王佛母為女性的本初佛，普賢王如來的明妃。智慧、本智yeshe（藏：ye shes）：參見jnana。 | |
| 386 | samaya (Skt.; Tib.: tamtsik; dam tshigs). Binding vow, commitment, sacred word. The samaya vow, usually taken in the context of an empowerment ceremony, marks a student’s binding commitment to the vajrayana path. It is taken only after taking the hinayana refuge vow and the mahayana bodhisattva vow. Never violating samaya is the sixth of the seven aspects of vajrayana, and always restoring samaya is the seventh of the seven aspects of the vajrayana. See also appendix 5, under Seven Aspects of Vajrayana (chapter 6). | samaya三昧耶（梵；藏：tamtsik，dam tshigs）：約束的誓言、承諾、神聖的言詞。三昧耶戒通常是在灌頂儀式中領受，作為弟子許諾要投入金剛乘之道的印記。三昧耶戒只會在受過小乘皈依戒與大乘菩薩戒之後才能領受。「絕不違犯三昧耶」是金剛乘七面向中的第六個面向，「不斷修復三昧耶」則是金剛乘七面向中的第七個面向。亦可參閱第6章〈金剛乘的七個面向—初念之前的間隙〉的內容。 | |
| 387 | samayasattva (Skt.; Tib.: yeshe sempa; ye shes sems dpa’; “samaya being”). In vajrayana practice, the deity that one creates through visualization; contrasted with jnanasattva. See also jnanasattva. | samayasattva三昧耶尊、誓言尊（梵；藏：yeshe sempa，ye shes sems dpa’）：在金剛乘修持中，經由觀想而生成的本尊，作為智慧尊的對比（另見 jnanasattva）。 | |
| 388 | samayashila (Skt.). The vajrayana discipline of maintaining one’s samaya. See also samaya. | samayashila三昧耶戒（梵）：持守三昧耶的金剛乘律儀。亦可參閱 samaya。 | |
| 389 | sambhogakaya (Skt.; Tib.: longku; longs sku; “enjoyment body”). One of the three kayas, or bodies, of a buddha; in particular, a buddha’s speech or manifestation, which is an environment of compassion and communication. See also trikaya. | sambhogakaya報身（梵；藏：longku，longs sku，受用身）：佛的三身之一。尤其是指佛之語或顯現，一種屬於悲心與交流的情境。亦可參閱 trikaya。 | |
| 390 | sampannakrama (Skt.; Tib.: dzogrim; rdzogs rim). The completion stage of vajrayana practice, which emphasizes formless meditation. | sampannakrama圓滿次第（梵；藏：dzogrim，rdzogs rim）：金剛乘修持的圓滿次第，強調無相禪修。與之相對的是「生起次第」（utpattikrama）。 | |
| 391 | samsara (Skt.; Tib.: khorwa; ’khor ba; “circling”). Cyclic existence; the repetitive cycle of births and deaths that arises from ignorance and is characterized by suffering. Samsara is contrasted with nirvana, which is the liberation from suffering. However, from the higher perspective of vajrayana, samsara and nirvana are understood to be inseparable. | samsara輪迴（梵；藏：khorwa，’khor ba，輪轉）：從無明而來的重複生死輪轉，其特性為「苦」。然而，從金剛乘更高的觀點來看，輪迴與涅槃則被視為不可分別。 | |
| 392 | samskara (Skt.; Tib.: du-je; ’du byed). Formation or concept; the fourth of the five skandhas; also, the second of the twelve nidanas, or links of interdependent origination. | samskara行（梵；藏：du-je，’du byed）：形成或概念。五蘊的第四者，也是十二緣起支的第二支。 | |
| 393 | Samye (Tib.: bsam yas). Temple complex built by King Trisong Detsen (790–844 ce) and consecrated by Padmasambhava. A major center of the Nyingma lineage, it is situated in Central Tibet close to Lhasa. | Samye桑耶（藏：bsam yas）：藏王赤松・德贊（790-844）所建，由蓮花生大士開光的寺廟建築群。寧瑪傳承的一個重要中心，坐落於西藏中部，接近拉薩。 | |
| 394 | sang-gye (Tib.: sangs rgyas). See buddha. | sang-gye佛（藏：sangs rgyas）：參見 buddha。 | |
| 395 | sang-gye lakchang (Tib.: sangs rgyas lag bcang). Holding buddha in your hand; an experience connected with the first of the eight logos (Yangdak). See also appendix 5, under The Eight Logos / Druppa Kagye (chapter 61). | sang-gye lakchang持佛於掌中（藏：sangs rgyas lag bcang）：與「修部八教」第一尊（Yangdak，揚達，中譯註：真實意或清淨意）相關的一種覺受。另見第61章「修部八教」的內容。 | |
| 396 | sangha (Skt.; Tib.: gendün; dge ’dun). The community of practitioners, companions on the path of dharma; the third of the three jewels. | sangha僧伽（梵；藏：gendün，dge ’dun）：修行者的團體，法道上的友伴，三寶的第三項。 | |
| 397 | sang-ngak (Tib.: gsang sngags). See guhyamantra. | sang-ngak密咒（藏：gsang sngags）：參見guhyamantra。 | |
| 398 | sangwa (Tib.: gsang ba; Skt.: guhya). Secret, hidden. | sangwa秘密（藏：gsang ba；梵：guhya）：秘密的、隱藏的。 | |
| 399 | sang-we thekpa (Tib.: gsang ba’i theg pa). Secret vehicle; a term for vajrayana. | sang-we thekpa祕密乘（藏：gsang ba’i theg pa）：金剛乘的一個說法。 | |
| 400 | sattva (Skt.; Tib.: sems dpa’). A being. | sattva薩埵（梵；藏：sems dpa’）：有情、存在。 | |
| 401 | sella tokpa me-pe gompa (Tib.: sel la rtog pa med pa’i sgom pa). “Meditation without thought but luminous”; third of five vajrayana sayings regarding transcending habitual patterns. See also appendix 5, under Five Vajrayana Sayings (chapter 16). | sella tokpa me-pe gompa 光明而無分別之禪修（藏：sel la rtog pa med pa’i sgom pa）：超越習氣之「五金剛乘句」中的第三句。亦可參閱第16章「五金剛乘句」的部分。 | |
| 402 | sem (Tib.: sems). Ordinary dualistic mind, characterized by discursive thoughts. It is formally defined as “that which apprehends an object” (Tib.: yul la sempa; yul la sems pa). | sem心（藏：sems）：向他者投射的心、一般的二元心，特點是具有分別念。正式定義是「能取對境者」（藏：yul la sempa，yul la sems pa）。 | |
| 403 | sem tang tral-we rikpa (Tib.: sems dang bral ba’i rig pa). “Rikpa free from sem”; the first of five vajrayana sayings regarding transcending habitual patterns. See also appendix 5, under Five Vajrayana Sayings (chapter 16). | sem tang tral-we rikpa離心之覺性（藏：sems dang bral ba’i rig pa）：關於超越習氣之「五金剛乘句」中的第一句。亦可參閱第16章「五金剛乘句」的內容。 | |
| 404 | semchok yintu mawa (Tib.: sems phyogs yin tu smra ba). Proclaiming that mind is in a certain direction; the seventh category of sem-de. | semchok yintu mawa宣告一切皆攝於心（藏：sems phyogs yin tu smra ba）：宣說一切皆歸向於心；心部的第七類。 | |
| 405 | sem-de (Tib.: sems sde). Category of mind; one of the three principal divisions of maha ati teachings, which itself has seven further categories. | sem-de心部（藏：sems sde）：大圓滿教法三大主要分部之一，心部可再進一步分成七個類別。 | |
| 406 | sending and taking. See tonglen. | sending and taking自他交換、施受法：參見tonglen。 | |
| 407 | Senge Dradrok (Tib.: seng ge sgra grogs). A wrathful aspect of Padmasambhava, said to have destroyed five hundred heretics by means of a ritual ceremony using a teakwood kila (dagger). | Senge Dradrok獅子吼（藏：seng ge sgra grogs）：蓮花生大士的忿怒相，據說以柚木橛（即普巴杵）修法而毀滅了五百外道。 | |
| 408 | sepa (Tib.: zad pa). Run out, used up, exhausted. | sepa耗盡、窮盡（藏：zad pa）：耗盡、用完、磨耗殆盡。 | |
| 409 | setting sun. Any attitude, thought, or action that leads one to degraded behavior. An expression coined by Chögyam Trungpa and used in the Shambhala teachings. | setting sun落日：一種心態、念頭或行為，造成一個人朝向墮落的行為發展。邱陽．創巴仁波切所創的一個講法，用於香巴拉教法之中。 | |
| 410 | shamatha (Skt.; Tib.: shi-ne; zhi gnas; “peaceful abiding”). Mindfulness practice; the practice of taming and stabilizing the mind. The central practice of the hinayana path and an essential component of practice throughout all the yanas. | shamatha止、奢摩他（梵；藏：shi-ne，zhi gnas，寂止）：正念的修持。調伏並穩定自心的修持。小乘之道的主要修持，也是貫穿一切法乘的必備要素。 | |
| 411 | shamatha-vipashyana (Skt.). The union of the mindfulness of shamatha and the awareness of vipashyana. | shamatha-vipashyana止觀（梵）：止的正念與觀的正知二者結合雙運。 | |
| 412 | Shambhala (Skt.). Mythical Central Asian kingdom, said to be a society where all the inhabitants are enlightened. Shambhala is closely associated with the Kalachakra Tantra, which Shakyamuni Buddha is said to have taught to the Shambhala king Dawa Sangpo. | Shambhala vision香巴拉願景：指創巴仁波切所傳授的勇士聖道與創建覺悟社會的法教。香巴拉教法與佛教禪修傳統關係密切，但具有更為世俗且社會性的著重點。（關於這個傳統的更多資訊，參見邱陽．創巴仁波切的《覺悟勇士—香巴拉的智慧傳承》（Shambhala： The Sacred Path of the Warrior，波士頓：香巴拉出版社，2007）。 | |
| 413 | Shambhala vision. A reference to Trungpa Rinpoche’s teachings on the sacred path of the warrior and the creation of enlightened society. Shambhala teachings are closely connected with the Buddhist meditative tradition, but have a more secular and societal focus. (For more on this tradition, see Chögyam Trungpa, Shambhala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior [Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2007].) | Shambhala香巴拉（梵）：神話中的中亞王國。教導提到，香巴拉這個社會中的所有居民都是證悟者。香巴拉與《時輪金剛續》密切相關，據說釋迦牟尼佛傳授了《時輪金剛續》給香巴拉的月賢國王。 | |
| 414 | Shantarakshita (Tib.: shiwa tso; zhi ba ’tsho). The Indian teacher invited to Tibet in the eighth century by King Trisong Detsen. With the help of Padmasambhava, he built Samye Monastery and became its abbot, ordaining the first Buddhist monks in Tibet. | Shantarakshita寂護、靜命（藏：shiwa tso，zhi ba ’tsho）：西元第八世紀時，應赤松德贊王邀請入藏的印度上師。在蓮花生大士的襄助下，他建立了桑耶寺，成為該寺的住持，並為西藏的第一批佛教僧侶授出家戒。 | |
| 415 | shedö me-pe tawa (Tib.: shes sdod med pa’i lta ba). “View without desire”; the fifth of the five vajrayana sayings regarding transcending habitual patterns. See also appendix 5, under Five Vajrayana Sayings (chapter 16). | shedö me-pe tawa無意向之見地（藏：shes sdod med pa’i lta ba）：五金剛乘句的第五句，與超越習性有關。亦可參閱第16章「五金剛乘句」的內容。 | |
| 416 | shentong (Tib.: gzhan stong). The “empty of other” school of Tibetan philosophy, which adheres to the view that the nature of mind is empty of all that is false, but not empty of its own inherent buddha nature. Often contrasted with the rangtong view that everything is unequivocally empty of self-nature. See also rangtong. | shentong他空（藏：gzhan stong）：西藏宗派裡的他空派，主張的見地是：心的自性空於一切顛倒，但是不空於其本具的佛性。經常與自空的見地形成對比；自空的見地是：一切都明確地本自為空。亦可參閱自空（rangtong）。 | |
| 417 | shepa (Tib.: shes pa). Mind, or consciousness, which is the capacity for knowing. | shepa了知（藏：shes pa）：意或識，即能知的能力。 | |
| 418 | shi lamdu chepa (Tib.: gzhi lam du byed pa). Using the ground as the path; an approach associated with lower tantra. | shi lamdu chepa以基為道（藏：gzhi lam du byed pa）：與下部密續相關的方式。 | |
| 419 | shi-je (Tib.: zhi byed). Pacification. One of the contemplative schools of Tibetan Buddhism associated with the teachings of chö. See chö. | shi-je息解派（藏：zhi byed）：平息。藏傳佛教的禪修宗派之一，與斷法有關。參見chö。 | |
| 420 | shila (Skt.; Tib.: tsültrim; tshul khrims). Discipline; one of the three principal aspects of the Buddhist path, the other two being samadhi and prajna; one of the six paramitas. | shila戒（梵；藏：tsültrim，tshul khrims）：佛教之道的三大面向之一，另兩者為定與慧。六波羅蜜多之一。 | |
| 421 | shinjang (Tib.: shin sbyang; Skt.: prashrabdhi). Thoroughly processed or trained through meditation practice. | shinjang輕安（藏：shin sbyang；梵：prashrabdhi）：藉由禪修而受到徹底處理或訓練。 | |
| 422 | shravaka (Skt.; Tib.: nyenthö; nyan thos). Hearer. Originally, a disciple who heard teachings directly from the Buddha; more generally, a practitioner of the shravakayana. | shravaka聲聞（梵；藏：nyenthö，nyan thos）：原本是指直接從佛陀親聞教法的弟子，不過更常用來指聲聞乘的修行人。 | |
| 423 | shravakayana (Skt.; Tib.: nyenthö thokpa; nyen thos theg pa). The hinayana path of the “hearer.” The first yana of the nine-yana system, in which the practitioner concentrates on meditation practice and understanding fundamental Buddhist doctrines, such as the four noble truths. See also appendix 5, under The Nine Yanas (chapter 40). | shravakayana聲聞乘（梵； 藏：nyenthö thokpa，nyen thos theg pa）：小乘的聲聞之道。九乘體系中的第一乘，聲聞乘行者注重對四聖諦等佛法基本教義的禪修與理解。亦可參閱第40章〈事部瑜伽：信任實相〉關於「九乘」的內容。 | |
| 424 | Shri Heruka (Skt.). Glorious Heruka. In the context of the eight logos, a reference to fundamental thatness, or living enlightenment, expressed as eight deities arranged in a mandala. See also appendix 5, The Eight Logos / Druppa Kagye (chapter 61). | Shri Heruka吉祥嘿汝嘎（梵）：在「修部八教」的教導中，吉祥嘿汝嘎象徵根本如是、或親證菩提者。吉祥嘿汝嘎也展現為壇城中的八位本尊。可參閱第61章的內容。 | |
| 425 | Shri Simha (Skt.; Tib.: shri singha; shri sing ha). An early master of the Nyingma lineage, known for dwelling in charnel grounds and for being one of Padmasambhava’s teachers. | Shri Simha師利星哈、吉祥獅子（梵；藏：shri singha，shri sing ha）：寧瑪傳承的先祖，他以居住於尸陀林和作為蓮花生大士的上師而聞名。 | |
| 426 | shunyata (Skt.; Tib.: tongpanyi; stong pa nyid). Emptiness. A completely open and unbounded clarity of mind characterized by groundlessness and freedom from all conceptual frameworks. Emptiness does not mean voidness or blankness; rather, it is an openness inseparable from compassion and all other awakened qualities. | shunyata空性（梵；藏：tongpanyi，stong pa nyid）：心完全開放、無邊無際的明性，特性是無基且離於一切分別概念的框架。空性並非指一無所有或一片空白，而是與悲心等所有證悟功德無有分別的開闊。 | |
| 427 | siddha (Skt.; Tib.: drupthop; grub thob). One who is spiritually accomplished or has magical powers over the phenomenal world. Best known are the group of eighty-four mahasiddhas, said to have lived in India from the eighth to the twelfth century. | siddha成就者（梵；藏：drupthop，grub thob）：修道已具成就者，或是具神變力而能掌控現象世界的人。其中最著名的就是八十四位大成就者，教導提到，他們是在西元八至十二世紀生活於印度的一群成就者。 | |
| 428 | siddhi (Skt.; Tib.: ngödrup; dngos grub). Yogic accomplishment, of which there are two types: lesser siddhi, or mastery over the phenomenal world, and greater siddhi, which is enlightenment itself. Acquiring siddhis is one of the seven aspects of the vajrayana. See also appendix 5, under Seven Aspects of Vajrayana (chapter 6). | siddhi悉地、成就（梵；藏：ngödrup，dngos grub）：瑜伽成就，分為以下兩種：小成就，即能自在掌控現象世界；大成就，即證悟本身。獲得成就是金剛乘七個面向之一。亦可參閱第6章〈金剛乘的七個面向—初念之前的間隙〉的內容。 | |
| 429 | six dharmas of Naropa (Tib.: Naro chödruk; na ro chos drug). A set of six yogic practices received by Naropa from Tilopa; one of the chief practices of the Kagyü lineage. They include the yogas of chandali (tummo), illusory body (gyulü), dream (milam), luminosity (ösel), transference (phowa), and bardo. | six dharmas of Naropa那若六法（藏：Naro chödruk，na ro chos drug）：那若巴從帝洛巴那裡領受的六瑜伽修持法，是噶舉傳承的主要修持，其中包括：拙火（tummo）瑜伽、幻身（gyulü）瑜伽、夢（milam）瑜伽、光明（ösel）瑜伽、遷識（頗瓦）瑜伽、中陰瑜伽。 | |
| 430 | six realms (Tib.: drowa rigdruk; ’gro ba rigs drug). All beings of samsara belong to one of the six realms. The three higher realms include the gods, or devas; the jealous gods, or asuras; and humans. The three lower realms include animals; hungry ghosts, or pretas; and hell beings. | six realms六道（藏：drowa rigdruk，’gro ba rigs drug）：所有輪迴眾生都屬於六道的其中一道。三善道包括天道、阿修羅道、人道；三惡道包括畜生道、餓鬼道、地獄道。 | |
| 431 | skandha (Skt.; Tib.: phungpo; phung po; “heap”). One of the five collections of dharmas that constitute an individual’s experience: form, feeling, perception / impulse, concept / formation, and consciousness. | skandha蘊（梵；藏：phungpo，phung po，堆聚、積聚）：代表色、受、想（衝動）、行（概念）、識等，組成個人體驗之五種積聚法的其中一者。 | |
| 432 | Songtsen Gampo (Tib.: srong bstan sgam po; 569–649 ce). Seventh-century king of Tibet, regarded as one of the best and most benevolent of Tibetan monarchs, who built the first Buddhist temples in Tibet and paved the way for the transmission of the dharma into Tibet. | Songtsen Gampo松贊甘布（藏：srong bstan sgam po，569-649）：西元第七世紀的西藏國王，被譽為最卓越且最仁慈的西藏君王。他建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺廟，為佛法傳入西藏奠定基礎。 | |
| 433 | sota nopika (Skt.; Tib.: chigdrup; gcig sgrub). Solitary practice. A sadhana practice that is traditionally done alone. | sota nopika獨修（梵；藏：chigdrup，gcig sgrub）：單獨修行。一個人獨自修持成就法的傳統。 | |
| 434 | spiritual friend. See kalyanamitra. | spiritual friend善知識：參見kalyanamitra。 | |
| 435 | spiritual materialism. Materialistic approach to spirituality and religion based on attachment to spiritual experiences; corrupting the spiritual path into a source of personal power and ego aggrandizement. | 修道上的唯物主義 | |
| 436 | Suchandra (Skt.). See Dawa Sangpo. | Suchandra月賢（梵）：參見Dawa Sangpo。 | |
| 437 | suehiro (Jpn.). Hand fan. | suehiro折扇、日本和扇（日）。 | |
| 438 | sugata (Skt.; Tib.: dewar shekpa; bde bar gshegs pa). One who has gone beyond with joy; a buddha. A synonym of tathagata. | Sugata善逝（梵；藏：dewar shekpa，bde bar gshegs pa）：帶著喜樂而超越者，佛陀。如來的同義詞。 | |
| 439 | sugatagarbha (Skt.; Tib.: dewar shek-pe nyingpo; bde bar gshegs pa’i snying po; “essence of one gone to bliss”). A synonym of tathagatagarbha, or buddha nature. | sugatagarbha善逝藏（梵；藏：dewar shek-pe nyingpo，bde bar gshegs pa’i snying po，前往大樂者的體性）：如來藏或佛性的同義詞。 | |
| 440 | sugnyen gyi kyilkhor (Tib.: gzugs brnyan gyi dkyil ’khor). Mandala of form; one of eight types of mandala in the mahayoga tantra. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Mandalas of Mahayoga (chapter 60). | sugnyen gyi kyilkhor形相之壇城（藏：gzugs brnyan gyi dkyil ’khor）：瑪哈瑜伽續八種壇城之一。亦可參閱第60章關於「瑪哈瑜伽八壇城」的內容。 | |
| 441 | suk (Tib.: gzugs). See rupa. | suk色、色相、形相（藏：gzugs）：參見rupa。 | |
| 442 | sungwa (Tib.: gzung ba). Fixation. See also fixation and grasping. | sungwa所取、對境（藏：gzung ba）：固著。另見 fixation and grasping。 | |
| 443 | Surmang (Tib.: zur mang). Many-cornered; name of the monastery complex that for twelve generations has served as the seat of the Trungpa tülkus in eastern Tibet. Surmang traces its roots back over five hundred years to the mahasiddha Trung Ma-se. | Surmang蘇芒（藏：zur mang）：意為「許多角落」。位於西藏東部的寺院群落，為創巴祖古傳承十二代以來的法座所在處。蘇芒的根源可上溯至五百多年前的大成就者創．瑪瑟（Trung Ma-se）。 | |
| 444 | Surmang Garchen (Tib.: zur mang sgar chen; “many-cornered great camp”). A traveling monastery in the early days of the Trungpa tülkus. At that time, monks traveled in caravans. Their libraries were on pack mules, the shrine room was a large tent, and the monks’ and abbot’s quarters were also tents. | Surmang Garchen蘇芒噶千（藏：zur mang sgar chen，許多角落的大帳房寺）：早期創巴祖古們的一座移動式寺院。當時的僧人搭帳棚旅行，他們將圖書館馱負於騾隊上，大殿就是一座大帳房，僧眾和住持的寮房也是帳房。 | |
| 445 | sutra (Skt.; Tib.: do; mdo). Thread, string, cord. Hinayana and mahayana texts in the Buddhist canon attributed to the Buddha. Sutra also means a meeting point or junction, referring to the meeting of the Buddha’s enlightenment and the student’s understanding. A sutra is usually a dialogue between the Buddha and one or more of his disciples, elaborating a particular topic of dharma. | sutra經（梵；藏：do，mdo）：線、繩、帶子。佛教經典，出自於佛陀的小乘與大乘經典。經也表示一個交會點，指的是佛陀之證悟與弟子之理解，此二者的相會。佛經通常是佛陀與一位或多位弟子間的對話，闡釋佛法的某個主題。 | |
| 446 | Sutra of the Recollection of the Noble Three Jewels (Skt.: arya-ratnatraya-nusmriti sutra). A sutra on the qualities of the Buddha, dharma, and sangha studied in many schools of Tibetan Buddhism. | Sutra of the Recollection of the Noble Three Jewels《隨念三寶經》（梵：arya-ratnatraya-anusmriti sutra）：一部講述佛、法、僧功德的佛經，藏傳佛教各派普遍皆研讀此經。 | |
| 447 | svaha (Skt.). A word that concludes many mantras, meaning “So be it.” | SVAHA梭哈、娑婆訶（梵）：許多咒語結尾的詞，意思是「就這樣吧」。 | |
| 448 | tagnang (Tib.: dag snang; “pure perception”). See sacred outlook. | tagnang淨觀（藏：dag snang，清淨的感知）：參見sacred outlook。 | |
| 449 | tai tung (Chin.). Great East. A Chinese term used by Trungpa Rinpoche to express key qualities of vajrayana discipline, primarily the qualities of being primordial, eternal, and self-existent. Also, a key term in the Shambhala teachings of basic goodness and establishing an enlightened society. | tai tung大東（中）：創巴仁波切使用的一個中文詞語，表達金剛乘修學的關鍵特質，主要代表本初、恆常、本自存在的功德。也是香巴拉法教裡，本初善和建立覺悟社會相關教導當中的關鍵術語。 | |
| 450 | takpa (Tib.: rtag pa). Eternal, permanent; one of the qualities of tatha-gatagarbha and of the Great East. See also appendix 5, under The Three Qualities of the Great East (chapter 1). | takpa常（藏：rtag pa）：恆常、永恆。如來藏與大東的特質之一。亦可參閱第1章〈東方大日之黎明〉的內容。 | |
| 451 | taljor nyeka (Tib.: dal ’byor rnyed dka’). Free and well-favored, difficult to find. First of the four reminders (precious human birth). See also appendix 5, under The Four Reminders (chapter 30). | taljor nyeka暇滿難得（藏：dal ’byor rnyed dka’）：轉心四思惟中的第一項（人身難得）。亦可參閱第30章〈轉心四思惟〉的內容。 | |
| 452 | Tamdrin (Tib.: rta mgrin). See Hayagriva. | Tamdrin馬頭明王（藏：rta mgrin）：參見Hayagriva。 | |
| 453 | tampa (Tib.: dam pa). Holy, sacred; the best. | tampa最勝的、最好的、神聖的（藏：dam pa）。 | |
| 454 | tamtsik (Tib.: dam tshigs). See samaya. | Tamtsik三昧耶、誓句（藏：dam tshigs）：參見samaya。 | |
| 455 | tantra (Skt.; Tib.: gyü; rgyud; “continuity”). A synonym of vajrayana. Tantra refers both to the root texts of the vajrayana and to the systems of meditation they describe. | tantra續、密續（梵；藏：gyü，rgyud，連續性）：金剛乘的同義詞。密續既指金剛乘的根本文，也指這些根本文所描述的禪修體系。 | |
| 456 | tantrayana (Skt.). A synonym of vajrayana; also referred to as tantra. | Tantrayana密續乘（梵）：金剛乘的同義詞，也指密續。 | |
| 457 | tantrika (Skt.; Tib.: ngakpa; sngags pa). A practitioner of vajrayana. | Tantrika金剛乘/密續修行者、咒士（梵；藏：ngakpa，sngags pa）：金剛乘的修行人。 | |
| 458 | Taranatha (Skt.; 1575–1634 ce). Renowned teacher of the Jonang school of Tibetan Buddhism, which specialized in the Kalachakra Tantra and the shentong view. | Taranatha多羅那他（梵，1575-1634）：著名的藏傳佛教覺囊派上師，尤其專精於《時輪金剛續》和他空見地。 | |
| 459 | tathagata (Skt.; Tib.: teshin shekpa; de bzhin gshegs pa). Thus gone or thus come; an epithet of the Buddha. One who has attained supreme enlightenment. | tathagata如來（梵；藏：teshin shekpa，de bzhin gshegs pa）：如去或如來，佛陀的一個稱號。已經獲得無上證悟者。 | |
| 460 | tathagatagarbha (Skt.; Tib.: teshin shekpe nyingpo; de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying po). Buddha nature; the intrinsic state of wakefulness inherent in all sentient beings. A synonym of sugatagarbha. | tathagatagarbha如來藏（梵；藏：teshin shekpe nyingpo，de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying po）：佛性，一切有情眾生本具的覺醒狀態。善逝藏的同義詞。 | |
| 461 | tathata (Skt.; Tib.: teshinnyi; de bzhin nyid). Thusness; another term for things as they are; the world as seen from the viewpoint of sacred outlook. | Tathata如是、真如（梵；藏：teshinnyi，de bzhin nyid）：事物如其本來面貌的另一種說法；由淨觀所見到的世界。 | |
| 462 | te-kho-na-nyi (Tib.: de kho na nyid; “only that itself ”; Skt.: tattva). Suchness, things as they are. The ground of the constituents of the inner mandala. | te-kho-na-nyi如是性、真實義（藏：de kho na nyid，只此；梵：tattva）：如是、就這樣、真如，事物的本然。內壇城組構成分的基礎。 | |
| 463 | ten-se (Tib.: gtan zad). Permanently worn-out; exhausted. | ten-se窮盡（藏：gtan zad）：永遠耗盡；完全耗盡。 | |
| 464 | tendrel (Tib.: rten ’brel; Skt.: pratitya-samutpada). Interdependent origination, one of the early core teachings of the Buddha; auspicious coincidence. | tendrel緣起（藏：rten ’brel；梵：pratitya-samutpada）：緣起，佛陀早期的核心教法之一。吉祥的巧合。 | |
| 465 | tentsik khungdip (Tib.: gtan tshigs khung rdib). The falling apart of your home or of the basis of your life; the third category of sem-de. | tentsik khungdip根據地的崩塌（藏：gtan tshigs khung rdib）：根據地的崩塌，或自己生命基礎的分崩離析；心部的第三類。 | |
| 466 | tepa (Tib.: dad pa). Faith, conviction. Feeling steady and confident in the path, as well as knowing what to cultivate and what to avoid. | tepa 信心（藏：dad pa）：信心、確信。對於法道感覺穩定並有信心，而且知道何者當取、何者當捨。 | |
| 467 | terma (Tib.: gter ma). Hidden treasure teachings. Terma are usually attributed to Padmasambhava and his consorts, who are said to have hidden certain teachings to be revealed at a proper time in the future by a tertön, or terma discoverer. Terma can take the form of a physical object such as a text or ritual implement buried in the ground, hidden in a rock or crystal, in a tree, a lake, or in the sky. Terma also refers to teachings understood as being concealed within the mind of the guru, the true place of concealment. | terma伏藏（藏：gter ma）：隱藏起來的寶藏法教。伏藏通常被歸屬為蓮花生大士及其明妃的教法，據說他們隱藏某些特定法教，留待未來合適的時間由伏藏師取出教導。伏藏可能是實體物質的形式，例如埋在地裡、藏在石頭或水晶裡，或是藏在樹木、湖泊、天空中的文本或法器。伏藏也指隱藏在上師密意中的教法，那是真正的封印之處。 | |
| 468 | tertön (Tib.: gter ston). Discoverer of a terma. See also terma. | tertön伏藏師（藏：gter ston）：發掘伏藏者。亦可參閱伏藏（terma）。 | |
| 469 | thamal gyi shepa (Tib.: tha mal gyi shes pa). Ordinary mind. Here, ordinary has the sense of not being fabricated or altered in any way. | thamal gyi shepa平常心（藏：tha mal gyi shes pa）：這裡的「平常」具有一種不以任何方式造作或改變的意味。 | |
| 470 | thapkyi thekpa (Tib.: thabs kyi theg pa). Vehicle of skillful means; another term for vajrayana. | thapkyi thekpa方便乘、善巧方便乘（藏：thabs kyi theg pa）：金剛乘的另一個說法。 | |
| 471 | That (Skt.: tattva). Reality, suchness, things as they are; in particular, the nature of reality pointed out in the fourth abhisheka. | That實相、真如、如是（梵：tattva）：尤指在第四灌頂中指出的真實自性。 | |
| 472 | thekpa (Tib.: theg pa). See yana. | thekpa車乘（藏：theg pa）：參見yana。 | |
| 473 | thögal (Tib.: thod rgal; “direct crossing”). In the Nyingma tradition, one of the two principle practices belonging to the oral instruction section of maha ati. Maha-ati practice has two main sections: trekchö and thögal. The former emphasizes primordial purity (kadak). The latter, which consists of spontaneously appearing visions, emphasizes spontaneous presence (lhündrup). See also trekchö. | thögal頓超（藏：thod rgal）：寧瑪傳統大圓滿竅訣部的兩大修持之一。大圓滿修持分為立斷與頓超這兩個主要類別。立斷強調「本淨」；頓超則是由任運現起的顯相所構成，強調「任成」。亦可參閱立斷（trekchö）。 | |
| 474 | thoughtfulness / unthoughtfulness (Tib.: gongpachen / gongpa mayinpa; dgongs pa can / dgongs pa ma yin pa). One of the pairs of categories that show how the view of anuttarayoga is special in comparison with lower yanas. Also referred to as implied or intended, and not implied or not intended. The view of anuttarayoga is thoughtful. See also chapter 51, “Taking a Fresh Look at the Phenomenal World.” | thoughtfulness / unthoughtfulness密意說與非密意說（藏：gongpachen/ gongpa mayinpa，dgongs pa can / dgongs pa ma yin pa）：用來說明無上瑜伽部之見地較下部續乘更為殊勝的表達方式之一。也被稱作「暗示的」或「有意圖的」，以及「非暗示的」或「無意圖的」。無上瑜伽的見地是密意說。亦可參閱第51章〈重新看待現象世界〉。 | |
| 475 | three gates (Tib.: gosum; sgo gsum). Body, speech, and mind; the three modes by which one relates to the phenomenal world. | three gates三門（藏：gosum，sgo gsum）：身、語、意。與現象世界交流的三種方式。 | |
| 476 | three jewels (Skt.: triratna; Tib.: könchok sum; dkon mchog gsum). The three supreme objects of refuge: the Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha. | three jewels三寶（梵：triratna；藏：könchok sum，dkon mchog gsum）：佛、法、僧，三種殊勝的皈依對象。 | |
| 477 | three marks (Tib.: tsensum; mtshan gsum). The three basic qualities of samsaric existence: suffering, impermanence, and egolessness. | three marks三相（藏：tsensum，mtshan gsum）：輪迴存有的三種基本特質：苦、無常、無我。 | |
| 478 | three times (Tib.: tüsum; dus gsum). The past, the present, and the future. | three times三時、三世（藏：tüsum，dus gsum）：過去、現在、未來。 | |
| 479 | Tibetan Book of the Dead (Tib.: bardo thödröl; bar do thos grol). Common Western title for the Tibetan text called Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo. The text is said to have been composed by Padmasambhava in the eighth century and written down by his consort Yeshe Tsogyal. It was discovered in the form of a terma in the fourteenth century by the tertön Karma Lingpa. It is comprised of detailed instructions on the possibility of awakening during the experiences of dying, bardo, and rebirth. | Tibetan Book of the Dead《西藏度亡經》（藏：bardo thödröl，bar do thos grol）：西方對於這部藏文典籍的常用標題是《中有聞教解脫》（Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo）。據說此文是由蓮花生在西元第八世紀時所開示，由其道伴耶喜．措嘉書錄。十四世紀時，伏藏師噶瑪林巴以伏藏形式取出此文，其中詳細說明了在臨終、中有、投生的歷程中覺醒的可能。 | |
| 480 | Tilopa (Skt.; 988–1069 ce). A great Indian siddha and a forefather of the Kagyü lineage. Tilopa unified various tantric systems and transmitted them to his student Naropa. | Tilopa帝洛巴（梵；988-1069）：印度的大成就者，也是噶舉傳承的祖師。帝洛巴統合各種不同的續部體系，並將這些教法傳授給他的學生那若巴。 | |
| 481 | tingdzin (Tib.: ting ’dzin). See samadhi. | tingdzin定、三摩地（藏：ting ’dzin）：參見samadhi. | |
| 482 | tingdzin gyi kyilkhor (Tib.: ting ’dzin gyi dkyil ’khor). Mandala of meditation; one of eight types of mandala in the mahayoga tantra. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Mandalas of Mahayoga (chapter 60). | tingdzin gyi kyilkhor禪定之壇城（藏：ting ’dzin gyi dkyil ’khor）：瑪哈瑜伽八種壇城之一。亦可參閱第60章「瑪哈瑜伽八大壇城」的內容。 | |
| 483 | togden (Tib.: rtogs ldan). One who is realized; an accomplished yogin. | togden了證者（藏：rtogs ldan）：得道者、開悟的人，已經成就的瑜伽士。 | |
| 484 | tokpa (Tib.: rtogs pa). Realization, understanding; in particular, realizing the truth of dharma. Its homonym (Tib.: rtog pa) means “discursive thoughts.” | tokpa證悟（藏：rtogs pa）：了悟、通達，尤其是指證得法的實相。同音異義詞（藏：rtog pa） 的意思則是「念頭」、「思惟、「尋思」。 | |
| 485 | tokpa gak (Tib.: rtog pa dgag). Cessation of thought; nonthought. | tokpa gak無念（藏：rtog pa dgag）：念頭的止息，無念頭。 | |
| 486 | tokpa küntu sangpo (Tib.: rtogs pa kun tu bzang po). All-good realization. One of the five types of Samantabhadra. See also appendix 5, under Five Types of Samantabhadra (chapter 4). | tokpa küntu sangpo證悟普賢（藏：rtogs pa kun tu bzang po）：五種普賢之一。亦可參閱第4章關於「五種普賢」的內容。 | |
| 487 | töndam (Tib.: don dam; Skt.: paramartha). Ultimate, absolute. Sometimes used as an abbreviation for töndampe denpa (don dam pa’i bden pa), the ultimate truth. See also kündzop. | töndam勝義（藏：don dam；梵：paramartha）：究竟的、絕對的。有時候用作「勝義諦」（don dam pa’i bden pa）的簡稱。亦可參閱kündzop（世俗諦）。 | |
| 488 | tonglen (Tib.: gtong len). Sending and taking, a key practice of mahayana mind training; the practice of exchanging oneself for others. | tonglen施受法（藏：gtong len）：大乘修心的一種關鍵修持，自他交換的修持。 | |
| 489 | töngyi yeshe (Tib.: don gyi ye shes). Actual wisdom; ultimate wisdom. In the fourth abhisheka of anuttarayoga, the flash of no mind. | töngyi yeshe義智慧（藏：don gyi ye shes）：真實智慧，勝義智慧。代表無上瑜伽第四灌當中所閃現的「無思」。 | |
| 490 | tongsuk (Tib.: stong gzug). Empty form; form that is intrinsically empty and nonexistent. | tongsuk空色、空相（藏：stong gzugs）：空的色相。本質為空且非實有的色相。 | |
| 491 | tönkhor gongpa yerme (Tib.: ston ’khor dgongs pa dbyer med). Inseparability of the mind of the teacher and the mind of the student. | tönkhor gongpa yerme師徒心意相融無別（藏：ston ’khor dgongs pa dbyer med）。 | |
| 492 | tönpa küntu sangpo (Tib.: ston pa kun tu bzang po). All-good teacher. One of the five types of Samantabhadra. See also appendix 5, under Five Types of Samantabhadra (chapter 4). | tönpa küntu sangpo導師普賢（藏：ston pa kun tu bzang po）：五種普賢之一。亦可參閱第4章關於「五種普賢」的內容。 | |
| 493 | torma (Tib.: gtor ma). A sculpture made of barley flour, used as a shrine offering, a feast-offering substance, or as a representation of deities. | torma食子（藏：gtor ma）：青稞粉做成的塑像，用以作為佛壇供品、薈供品或代表本尊。 | |
| 494 | trag-ngak (Tib.: drag sngags). Wrathful mantra. Eighth of the eight logos, connected with confidence, directness, and fearlessness. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Logos / Druppa Kagye (chapter 61). | trag-ngak猛咒詛詈（藏：drag sngags）：忿怒咒。「修部八教」的第八尊，與自信、直接、無畏相關。另見第61章「修部八教」的內容。 | |
| 495 | traktong (Tib.: grags stong). Sound-emptiness. | traktong聲空（藏：grags stong）。 | |
| 496 | trangdön (Tib.: drang don; Skt.: neyartha). Literal, or provisional, meaning. When contrasted with ngedön, one of the pair of categories that show how the view of anuttarayoga is special in comparison with lower yanas. Views are considered as literal in meaning when they are useful but need further qualification. See also ngedön and chapter 51, “Taking a Fresh Look at the Phenomenal World.” | trangdön不了義（藏：drang don；梵：neyartha）：字面上的意義，或權宜性的意義。與「了義」相對，後者用以表達無上瑜伽部之見地較下部密續更為殊勝。不了義的見地是指：雖具作用但仍需更多條件限制的見地。亦可參閱 「不了義」（ngedön）與第51章〈重新看待現象世界〉。 | |
| 497 | transmission (Tib.: ngotrö; ngo sprod). The meeting of the mind of the guru with the mind of the student. The pointing out, usually through gesture and symbol, of the true nature of mind. | transmission直指教法（藏：ngotrö，ngo sprod）：上師與弟子的心意相會。指出心的真實自性，通常是藉由手勢或象徵符號來進行。 | |
| 498 | trekchö (Tib.: khregs chod; “cutting through”). In the Nyingma tradition, one of the two principle practices belonging to the oral instruction section of maha ati. It is similar to the practice of mahamudra in the Kagyü tradition. See also thögal. | trekchö立斷（藏：khregs chod）：「切斷」之意。寧瑪傳統大圓滿竅訣部的兩大修持之一。與噶舉傳統中的大手印修持類似。亦可參閱頓超（thögal）。 | |
| 499 | tri (Tib.: khrid). Practice instructions given at the time of an abhisheka. | tri講解、指導（藏：khrid）：在灌頂時所給予的修持指引。 | |
| 500 | trikaya (Skt.; Tib.: kusum; sku gsum). The three bodies of a buddha: nirmanakaya, sambhogakaya, and dharmakaya. The nirmanakaya, or emanation body, is the communication of awakened mind through form, in particular through being embodied in a human being (guru). Sambhogakaya, or enjoyment body, is the energy of compassion and communication that links the dharmakaya and the nirmanakaya. The dharmakaya, or body of dharma, is the aspect of realization beyond form or limit, time or space. | trikaya三身（梵；藏：kusum，sku gsum）：佛的三身是化身、報身、法身。化身或應化身是指藉由色相，尤其是藉由人類形相的體現（上師），與證悟心溝通。報身或受用身則是一種悲心、交流的能量，並連接法身與化身。法身是指超越色相、超越限量、超越時空的了悟面向。 | |
| 501 | trilbu sunggi tamtsik (Tib.: dril bu gsung gi dam tshig). Samaya of vajra speech. | 金剛鈴三昧耶、金剛語三昧耶、語三昧耶trilbu sunggi tamtsik（藏：dril bu gsung gidam tshig）。 | |
| 502 | Tripitaka (Skt.; “three baskets”). The canon of Buddhist scriptures, consisting of three parts: Vinaya-pitaka, Sutra-pitaka, and Abhidharma-pitaka. | Tripitaka三藏（梵）：「三籃」之意。佛教聖典，由律藏、經藏、論藏（阿毘達磨）等三部分所構成。 | |
| 503 | Trisong Detsen (Tib.: khri srong lde btsan; 790–844 ce). Eighth-century Tibetan king, the second of the three dharma kings of Tibet (Songtsen Gampo, Trisong Detsen, and Ralpachen), who played a pivotal role in the introduction of Buddhism in Tibet and the establishment of the Nyingma lineage. | Trisong Detsen赤松 德贊（藏：khri srong lde btsan，790-844）：西元第八世紀的西藏國王，是西藏三大法王（松贊・干布、赤松・德贊、惹巴兼）中的第二位。在佛教傳入藏地與建立寧瑪傳承的過程中，赤松德贊的貢獻極為關鍵。 | |
| 504 | trö (Tib.: drod). Warmth, heat. | trö暖（藏：drod）：暖，熱。 | |
| 505 | trö-che (Tib.: spros bcas). Complex, with elaboration. A characteristic of the first through third abhishekas, which require practicing many visualizations. | trö-che戲論（藏：spros bcas）：複雜，有戲論。為第一灌頂至第三灌頂的特色，其過程需要許多的觀想修持。 | |
| 506 | trö-me (Tib.: spros med). Simple, without elaboration. A characteristic of the fourth, or formless, abhisheka. | trö-me無戲論（藏：spros med）：簡單，沒有戲論。第四灌頂或無相灌頂的特色。 | |
| 507 | trödral (Tib.: spros bral). Simplicity; without elaboration or complexity. The second of the four yogas of mahamudra. See also appendix 5, under The Four Yogas of Mahamudra / Naljor Shirim (chapter 57). | trödral離戲（藏：spros bral）：簡單，無戲論或不複雜的。大手印四瑜伽第二個。亦可參閱第57章〈道大手印：禪修的覺受〉關於「大手印四瑜伽」的內容。 | |
| 508 | trülpa pangwa (Tib.: ’khrul pa spang ba). Abandoning confused activity. | trülpa pangwa捨棄迷妄（藏：’khrul pa spang ba）。 | |
| 509 | Trung Ma-se (Tib.: drung rma se). A siddha said to be a reincarnation of Tilopa, he was a disciple of the fifth Karmapa, Teshin Shekpa (1384–1415 ce), and teacher of the first Trungpa. | Trung Ma-se 創．瑪瑟（藏：drung rma se）：一位成就者，據說是帝洛巴的轉世。他是第五世噶瑪巴德新．謝巴（1384-1415）的弟子，也是第一世創巴的上師。 | |
| 510 | trungpa (Tib.: drung pa; “one nearby”). An attendant. | trungpa創巴（藏：drung pa，藏文音譯：種巴，在附近的人）：侍者。 | |
| 511 | tsakali (Tib.: tsa ka li). An icon; usually a miniature painting on card or cloth. | tsakali法像畫片（藏：tsa ka li）：常為繪製在卡片或布上的小型聖像。 | |
| 512 | tsal (Tib.: rtsal). Energy, power; one of the characteristics of mind. | tsal能量、力量（藏：rtsal）：心的特性之一。 | |
| 513 | tsa-we lama (Tib.: rtsa ba’i bla ma). Root guru. Although a student may have more than one root guru, the ultimate root guru is the vajra master who points out the true nature of mind. | tsa-we lama根本上師（藏：rtsa ba’i bla ma）：雖然一位弟子可能有不只一位根本上師，不過究竟的根本上師，是為弟子指出心之真實自性的金剛上師。 | |
| 514 | tsechik (Tib.: rtse gcig). One-pointedness; the first of the four yogas of mahamudra. See also appendix 5, The Four Yogas of Mahamudra / Naljor Shirim (chapter 57). | tsechik專一（藏：rtse gcig）：大手印四瑜伽的第一個瑜伽。亦可參閱第57章〈道大手印：禪修的覺受〉關於「大手印四瑜伽」的內容。 | |
| 515 | tsen-che (Tib.: mtshan bcas). The aspect of vajrayana practice emphasizing visualization and mantra recitation. See also utpattikrama. | tsen-che有相（藏：mtshan bcas）：金剛乘修持中強調觀想與持咒的面向。另見「生起次第」（utpattikrama）。 | |
| 516 | tsen-me (Tib.: mtshan med). Unadorned experience; the upayoga understanding of purity. Also, formless practice. | tsen-me無相（藏：mtshan med）：無裝飾的體驗；行續對清淨的理解。亦作「無相修持」（formless practice）。 | |
| 517 | tsogdrup (Tib.: tshogs sgrub). See mandala nopika. | tsogdrup共修、薈供（藏：tshogs sgrub）。 | |
| 518 | tsokchog gi kyilkhor (Tib.: tshogs mchog gi dkyil ’khor). Mandala of the vajra sangha, or superior gathering; one of eight types of mandala in the mahayoga tantra. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Mandalas of Mahayoga (chapter 60). | tsokchog gyi kyilkhor僧伽的壇城（藏：tshogs mchog gi dkyil ’khor）：金剛僧伽的壇城，或是殊勝的結集；瑪哈瑜伽續八種壇城之一。另見第60章關於「瑪哈瑜伽八壇城」的內容。 | |
| 519 | tsokkyi khorlo (Tib.: tshogs kyi ’khor lo; Skt.: ganachakra). See ganachakra. | tsokkyi khorlo薈供輪（藏：tshogs kyi ’khor lo；梵：ganachakra）：參見 ganachakra。 | |
| 520 | Tsurphu (Tib.: mtshur phu). The monastic seat of the Karmapas in south Central Tibet. | Tsurphu楚布寺、祖普寺（藏：mtshur phu）：歷任大寶法王噶瑪巴在中藏南部的駐錫處。 | |
| 521 | tülku (Tib.: sprul sku; Skt.: nirmanakaya). Emanation body; a term used for a person who is recognized as the reincarnation of a previously deceased enlightened being. | tülku祖古（藏：sprul sku，轉世喇嘛；梵：nirmanakaya）：化身，表示某人被認證為先前某位已圓寂之證悟者的轉世。 | |
| 522 | two truths (Tib.: denpa nyi; bdenpa gnyis). The relative truth (kündzop) and ultimate truth (töndam). | two truths二諦（藏：denpa nyi，bdenpa gnyis）：世俗諦（kündzop）與勝義諦（töndam）。 | |
| 523 | twofold ego (Tib.: dag-nyi; bdag gnyis). The ego of self, or individuality, and the ego of dharmas, or phenomena. | twofold ego二我（藏：dag-nyi，bdag gnyis）：一為人我（人我執），即個人的我；二為法我（法我執），即現象的我。 | |
| 524 | twofold egolessness (Tib.: dagmepa nyi; bdag med pa gnyis). The egolessness of self and the egolessness of phenomena. | twofold egolessness二種無我、二無我（藏：dagmepa nyi；bdag med pa gnyis）：人無我與法無我。 | |
| 525 | Uddiyana (Skt.). The birthplace of Padmasambhava and the land where Tilopa went to steal the teachings of the dakinis. Regarded as the realm of the dakinis, some say it is located in the Swat Valley on the border of Pakistan and Afghanistan. | Uddiyana鄔迪亞納（梵）：蓮花生大士的出生地，也是帝洛巴前去盜取空行母教法的地方。被視為空行剎土，據說是位於巴基斯坦與阿富汗邊界的斯瓦特山谷（Swat Valley）。〔譯註：藏語一般作「鄔金」〕。 | |
| 526 | uk tang tral-we sang-gye (Tib.: dbugs dang bral ba’i sangs rgyas). “Buddha without breath”; second of five vajrayana sayings regarding transcending habitual patterns. See also appendix 5, under Five Vajrayana Sayings (chapter 16). | uk tang tral-we sang-gye離於氣息之佛（藏：dbugs dang bral ba’i sangs rgyas）：關於超越習氣的五金剛乘句之第二句。另見第16章「五金剛乘句」的部分。 | |
| 527 | uma (Tib.: dbu ma). See avadhuti. | uma中脈（藏：dbu ma）：參見avadhuti。 | |
| 528 | upaya (Skt.; Tib.: thap; thabs). Skillful means, method. In the vajrayana, upaya arises from shunyata. Being joined with prajna, it represents the masculine, or form, aspect of the union of form and emptiness. | upaya方便（梵；藏：thap，thabs）：善巧的手段、方法。在金剛乘中，方便乃是由空性中生起。方便與般若（慧）結合時，則代表色空雙運中的男性原則或色相層面。 | |
| 529 | upayoga (Skt.; Tib.: chögyü; spyod rgyud). The yoga of conduct. In the nine-yana system, the second of the three lower tantric yanas. See also appendix 5, under The Nine Yanas (chapter 40). | upayoga行部瑜伽、行續（梵；藏：chögyü，spyod rgyud）：九乘體系中，三個下部續乘的第二者。另見第40章〈事部瑜伽：信任實相〉關於「九乘」的內容。 | |
| 530 | upayogayana (Skt.). The path of upayoga. | upayogayana行部瑜伽乘、行續乘（梵）：行部瑜伽之道。 | |
| 531 | utpattikrama (Skt.; Tib.: kyerim; bskyed rim). The creation stage of vajrayana practice, which emphasizes visualization and mantra recitation. | utpattikrama生起次第（梵；藏：kyerim，bskyed rim）：金剛乘修持的生起次第，強調觀想與持咒。 | |
| 532 | vac (Skt.; Tib.: dra, sgra). Pure voice; cosmic sound. | vac語、聲音（梵；藏：dra，sgra）：清淨的語音，宇宙的聲音。 | |
| 533 | Vairochana (Skt.; Tib.: nampar nangdze; rnam par snang mdzad). Tathagata of the buddha family. In the secret language of tantra, a name for excrement, one of the five ingredients that are transformed from poison into amrita. See also appendix 5, Five Ingredients Used to Create Amrita (chapter 61). | Vairochana大日如來、毗盧遮那（梵；藏：nampar nangdze，rnam par snang mdzad）：佛部的如來。在密續的秘密語言中，則用以代表糞便，是能轉化成甘露的五毒物之一。另見第61章關於「製造甘露的五種成分」的內容。 | |
| 534 | vajra (Skt.; Tib.: dorje; rdo rje). Adamantine, indestructible, diamond-like. In Hinduism, the vajra is Indra’s thunderbolt, or magical weapon. In Buddhism, it is a quality of tantric realization and of the true nature of reality, or emptiness. Vajra also refers to a ritual scepter used in tantric practice. In terms of the mandala of the five buddha-families, vajra is the family of pristine clarity, the family associated with the East, the buddha Akshobhya or Vajrasattva, the klesha of anger, and mirrorlike wisdom. See also appendix 5, under The Five Buddha-Families (chapter 26). | vajra金剛、金剛杵（梵；藏：dorje，rdo rje）：無可摧壞，如同鑽石。在印度教中，金剛杵是帝釋天的雷電或神奇武器。在佛教中，金剛是密續的了悟功德，也是實相之真實自性，亦即空性的功德。金剛杵也指密宗修法時所使用的一種法器。就五佛部的壇城而言，金剛是清澈明晰之佛部，是與東方、不動佛或金剛薩埵、瞋恨煩惱、大圓鏡智相關的佛部。另見第26章〈五佛部壇城〉的內容。 | |
| 535 | vajra naraka (Skt.; Tib.: dorje nyalwa; rdo rje dmyal ba). Vajra hell. A state in which one’s mind is so completely consumed by kleshas that there is no possibility of escape; the polar opposite of enlightenment. | vajra naraka金剛地獄（梵；藏：dorje nyalwa，rdo rje dmyal ba）：代表心完全被煩惱吞噬以致無法逃離的狀態。與證悟相反的另一個極端。 | |
| 536 | vajra nature (Tib.: dorje kham; rdo rje khams). Indestructible being. Indestructible self-existing sacredness and sanity of phenomena and of one’s basic existence, manifesting through vajra body, vajra speech, and vajra mind. | vajra nature金剛自性（藏：dorje kham；rdo rje khams）：不可摧毀的存在。代表現象與個人基本存在的神聖性和根本明智，是不可摧毀且本自存在的，並經由金剛身、金剛語、金剛意而顯現。 | |
| 537 | vajra sangha. The community of vajrayana practitioners. | vajra sangha金剛僧伽：金剛乘修行人的團體。 | |
| 538 | vajracharya (Skt.; Tib.: dorje loppön; rdo rje slob dpon). Vajra master. An empowered teacher. | vajracharya金剛阿闍黎、金剛上師（梵；藏：dorje loppön，rdo rje slob dpon）：一位獲得授權的導師。 | |
| 539 | Vajradhara (Skt.; Tib.: Dorje Chang; rdo rje ’chang; “vajra holder”). In the Kagyü tradition, Vajradhara is the dharmakaya, or primordial, buddha. Traditionally depicted as dark blue in color with crossed arms holding a bell and vajra, he is a symbol of enlightenment itself and of one’s root guru. Vajradhara is particularly important to the Kagyü tradition, as Tilopa is said to have received the vajrayana teachings directly from him. | Vajradhara金剛（總）持（梵；藏：Dorje Chang，rdo rje ’chang，金剛的持有者）：在噶舉傳統中，金剛持是法身佛或本初佛。在傳統繪像中，其身色為深藍，雙手交叉持有鈴杵，是證悟本身的象徵，也象徵行者的根本上師。對噶舉傳統來說，金剛持尤其重要。教導提到，帝洛巴正是直接從金剛持那裡獲得金剛乘的教法。 | |
| 540 | vajradhatu (Skt.). Indestructible space. | vajradhatu金剛界（梵）：無可摧毀之界。 | |
| 541 | Vajrakilaya (Skt.; Tib.: Dorje Phurba; rdo rje phur ba; “indestructible dagger”). A principal yidam of the Nyingma tradition, belonging to the karma family. He is depicted as dark blue or black in color and very wrathful. The fifth logos of mahayoga tantra, connected with penetrating through confusion and the fierce destruction of ego. See also appendix 5, The Eight Logos / Druppa Kagye (chapter 61). | Vajrakilaya金剛橛、普巴金剛（梵；藏：Dorje Phurba，rdo rje phur ba，不可催破之橛）：寧瑪傳統的一位主要本尊，屬於羯摩部，身色為深藍或黑色，形相極其忿怒。瑪哈瑜伽續的第五個法行。與刺穿自我的迷亂與猛烈破壞有關。另見第六61章「修部八教」的內容。 | 「修部八教的第五尊」，而非「第五個法行」 |
| 542 | Vajrasattva (Skt.; Tib.: Dorje Sempa; rdo rje sems dpa’; “indestructible being”). A buddha of the vajra family, who embodies the principle of purity and purification. Meditating on the form of Vajrasattva and reciting his mantra is one of the four special preliminary practices of the vajrayana. | 金剛薩埵Vajrasattva（梵；藏：Dorje Sempa，rdo rje sems dpa’，不壞有情、無可摧破之有情）：金剛部的佛，體現清淨與淨化的原則。在金剛乘四不共前行中，禪修金剛薩埵的身相並持誦其咒語是其中一項修持。 | |
| 543 | Vajravarahi (Skt.; Tib.: Dorje Phagmo; rdo rje phag mo). Indestructible Sow; another name for Vajrayogini. | Vajravarahi金剛亥母（梵；藏：Dorje Phagmo，rdo rje phag mo）：金剛瑜伽女（梵：Vajrayogini）的別名。（審校註：在其他教導中，金剛亥母與金剛瑜伽女也可代表不同本尊。） | |
| 544 | vajrayana (Skt.; Tib.: dorje thekpa; rdo rje theg pa; “indestructible vehicle”). The highest of the three yanas in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition. The vajrayana, by virtue of its many upayas, or skillful means, is said to make it possible to attain supreme realization in one lifetime. In the three-yana system, vajrayana is said to rest on the solid foundation and training of the previous two yanas: the hinayana path of individual development and the mahayana path of wisdom and compassion. | vajrayana金剛乘（梵；藏：dorje thekpa，rdo rje theg pa，無可催破之法乘）：藏傳佛教傳統中，三乘的最高乘。教導提到，藉由其中具有的諸多善巧方便，金剛乘能使行者在一生中就獲得殊勝的了悟。以三乘體系來說，教導也提到金剛乘仰賴前兩乘的紮實基礎與訓練。前兩乘是指個人發展的小乘之道，以及悲智的大乘之道。 | |
| 545 | Vajrayogini (Skt.; Tib.: Dorje Naljorma; rdo rje rnal ’byor ma). A semiwrathful female yidam of the mother tantra, who represents the transformation of ignorance and passion into emptiness and compassion. | Vajrayogini金剛瑜伽女（梵；藏：Dorje Naljorma，rdo rje rnal ’byor ma）：母續中一位半寂靜半忿怒相的女性本尊，代表將無明與貪轉化為空性與悲心。 | |
| 546 | vidya (Skt.; Tib.: rikpa; rig pa). Knowledge. See also rikpa. | vidya明（梵；藏：rikpa，rig pa）：另見rikpa。 | |
| 547 | vidyadhara (Skt.; Tib.: rigdzin; rig ’dzin; “knowledge holder”). Term applied to an accomplished tantric practitioner. An honorific title for Chögyam Trungpa, who in the latter years of his teaching was referred to as “the Vidyadhara.” In earlier years, he was referred to as “the Vajracharya,” or vajra master. | vidyadhara持明（梵；藏：rigdzin；rig ’dzin）：用來指具有成就的密續修行人。在此用以尊稱邱陽．創巴仁波切，在後來的教學中，他被稱作「持明」。早期他被稱作「金剛阿闍黎」或「金剛上師」。 | |
| 548 | vidyadharayana (Skt.; Tib.: rigdzin thekpa; rig ’dzin theg pa). Vehicle of the knowledge holders; another term for vajrayana. | vidyadharayana持明乘（梵；藏：rigdzin thekpa，rig ’dzin theg pa）：持明者的法乘，金剛乘的另一個講法。 | |
| 549 | vidyamantra (Skt.; Tib.: rikpa ngag-luk; rig pa sngags lugs). Knowledge mantra. One of four characteristics of buddha-families, connected with a family’s magical power over others. See also appendix 5, under Four Ways of Seeing Each of the Twenty-Five Buddha-Families (chapter 47). | vidyamantra明咒（梵；藏：rikpa ngag-luk，rig pa sngags lugs）：各佛部的四種特性之一，與該佛部更勝於其他佛部的一種神妙力量有關。另見第47章〈瑜伽乘：完整的結合〉關於「看見二十五佛部各部的四種方式」的內容。 | |
| 550 | vimala (Skt.; Tib.: tri-me; dri med). Purity or spotlessness; the basic principle of kriyayoga practice. | vimala無垢（梵；藏：tri-me，dri med）：無垢、清淨或無瑕；事部瑜伽修法的基本原則。 | |
| 551 | Vimalamitra (Skt.; eighth century ce). Maha-ati master who was invited to Tibet by King Trisong Detsen. Together with Padmasambhava and Vairochana, he is a principal forefather of the maha ati teachings in Tibet. | Vimalamitra無垢友（梵）：西元八世紀的大圓滿上師，應赤松德贊王的邀請而前往藏地。無垢友尊者、蓮花生大士，與毗盧遮那譯師，為西藏大圓滿法教的根本祖師。 | |
| 552 | vipashyana (Skt.; Tib.: lhakthong; lhag mthong; “superior seeing”). Awareness; insight arising either through direct meditative experience or through analytic contemplation. An open, expansive quality of meditation that complements the stability and groundedness of shamatha. | vipashyana觀、勝觀、毘婆奢那（梵；藏：lhakthong，lhag mthong，殊勝的觀見）：正知，或是藉由直接的禪修體驗或分析性的思惟而生起的洞察力。一種開闊、浩瀚的禪修功德，與寂止（奢摩他）的穩定沉著相輔相成。 | |
| 553 | wang (Tib.: dbang). See abhisheka. | wang灌頂（藏：dbang）：參見abhisheka。 | |
| 554 | Yama (Skt.; Tib.: Shin-je; gshin rje). The Lord of Death. | Yama閻魔（梵；藏：Shin-je，gshin rje）：死主。 | |
| 555 | Yamantaka (Skt.; Tib.: Shin-je she; gshin rje gshed). Conqueror of Yama, the Lord of Death. Second of the eight logos; the wrathful aspect of Manjushri, who transforms life into wisdom. See also appendix 5, The Eight Logos / Druppa Kagye (chapter 61). | Yamantaka文殊閻魔敵（梵；藏：Shin-je she，gshin rje gshed）：戰勝閻魔（死主）者。「修部八教」的第二尊；為文殊菩薩的忿怒相，代表將生命轉為智慧。另見第61章「修部八教」的內容。 | |
| 556 | yana (Skt.; Tib.: thekpa; theg pa). Vehicle, way; what carries the practitioner along the path to liberation. | yana乘（梵；藏：thekpa，theg pa）：車乘，方式。能在道上一路帶著修行者直至解脫。 | |
| 557 | yanas, nine (Tib.: thekpa gu; theg pa dgu). According to the Nyingma and Ri-me traditions, there are a total of nine yanas: shravaka (Tib.: nyenthö; nyan thos); pratyekabuddha (Tib.: rang-gyal; rang rgyal); bodhisattva (Tib.: changchup sempa; byang chub sems dpa’); kriyayoga (Tib.: chawa; bya ba); upayoga (or charya; Tib.: chöpa; dpyod pa); yoga (Tib.: naljor; rnal ’byor); mahayoga (Tib.: naljor chenpo; rnal ’byor chen po); anuyoga (Tib.: jesu naljor; rjes su rnal ’byor); and atiyoga or maha ati (Tib.: dzokpa chenpo; rdzogs pa chen po). The first two comprise the hinayana path, and the third is synonymous with the mahayana path. The next three are called the lower tantric yanas; the final three are called the higher tantric yanas. | yanas, nine九乘（藏：thekpa gu，theg pa dgu）：寧瑪與利美（不分宗派）的傳統中總共有九乘，分別是聲聞（藏：nyenthö，nyan thos）、緣覺（藏：rang-gyal，rang rgyal）、菩薩（藏：changchup sempa，byang chub sems dpa’）、事部（藏：chawa，bya ba）、行部（藏：chöpa，dpyod pa）、瑜伽部（藏：naljor，rnal ’byor）、瑪哈瑜伽（藏：naljor chenpo，rnal ’byor chen po）、阿努瑜伽（藏：jesu naljor，rjes su rnal ’byor）、阿底瑜伽或大圓滿（藏：dzokpa chenpo，rdzogs pa chen po）。前兩乘構成小乘之道，第三乘與大乘之道則是同義詞；接下來的三乘被稱作下部續乘，最後三乘被稱為上部續乘。 | |
| 558 | yanas, three (Tib.: theksum; theg gsum). According to the general vajrayana tradition, there are three yanas, or vehicles: hinayana (including shravakayana and pratyekabuddhayana), mahayana (or bodhisattvayana), and vajrayana. | yanas，three三乘（藏：theksum，theg gsum）：以金剛乘的共同傳統來說，可分為三乘，分別是小乘（包括聲聞乘與緣覺乘）、大乘（即菩薩乘）以及金剛乘。 | |
| 559 | Yangdak (Tib.: yang dag; “completely pure”). First of the eight logos, representing complete accomplishment and command. See also appendix 5, under The Eight Logos / Druppa Kagye (chapter 61). | Yangdak揚達、清淨意或真實意（藏：yang dag）：意指「全然清淨的」。「修部八教」的第一尊，代表完全的成就與號令。另見第61章「修部八教」的內容。 | |
| 560 | yang-dak-pe kündzop (Tib.: yang dag pa’i kun rdzob). Pure relative truth. This is a direct and simple experience of things by those who no longer cling to appearances as real. It is contrasted with perverted relative truth, the experience of those who still cling to appearances as solid. | yang-dak-pe kündzop正世俗（藏：yang dag pa’i kun rdzob）：對事物直接、純粹的體驗，是那些不再將現象執為實有的修行者所能得到的體驗。與「倒世俗」相反，後者是那些仍然將現象執為實有者的體驗。 | 這個定義比較屬於世俗諦和勝義諦的差別，而非正倒世俗的差別 |
| 561 | yargyi sangthal (Tib.: yar gyi zang thal; “confidence above”). Enlightened style of confidence. | yargyi sangthal徑直向上（藏：yar gyi zang thal）：意指「向上的信心」，證悟式的信心。 | |
| 562 | ye chi-shin-pe kyilkhor (Tib.: ye ji bzhin pa’i dkyil ’khor). The mandala of primordial is-ness; the first of three mandalas of anuyoga, in which one sees all dharmas as the expression of mind. See also appendix 5, under The Three Mandalas of Anuyoga (chapter 64). | ye chi-shin-pe kyilkhor如是壇城（藏：ye ji bzhin pa’i dkyil ’khor）：本初如是的壇城。阿努瑜伽三壇城的第一個。在此壇城中，行者視一切法為心的展現。另見第64章關於「阿努瑜伽三壇城」的內容。 | |
| 563 | yeshe (Tib.: ye shes). See jnana. | yeshe智、本智（藏：ye shes）：參見jnana。 | |
| 564 | yeshe changwa (Tib.: ye shes ’chang wa). One who holds wisdom. | yeshe changwa持智者（藏：ye shes ’chang wa）：持有智慧者、持有本智者。 | |
| 565 | yeshe chöku (Tib.: ye shes chos sku). See jnana-dharmakaya. | yeshe chöku智慧法身（藏：ye shes chos sku）：參見jnana-dharmakaya。 | |
| 566 | yeshe chölwa (Tib.: ye shes ’chol ba). Crazy wisdom; the realization of a vidyadhara, expressed at times in unconventional and provocative ways. | yeshe chölwa瘋智、狂智（藏：ye shes ’chol ba）：持明者的了證，有時表現為一種不按傳統規矩且帶有挑釁的方式。 | |
| 567 | yi (Tib.: yid). Mind. The sixth, or mental, consciousness, which coordinates and interprets the other five sense consciousnesses; its objects are thoughts. | yi意（藏：yid）：第六識，即意識，協調並解釋其他五根識。意的對境為念頭。 | |
| 568 | yi-de (Tib.: yid bzlas). Silent or mental repetition of a mantra. | yi-de意誦（藏：yid bzlas）：默念或用心意念誦某個咒語。 | |
| 569 | yidam (Tib.: yi dam; Skt.: ishtadevata). In vajrayana, one’s personal meditateion deity, which represents one’s awakened nature. In practice, one visualizes the deity, repeats its mantra, and identifies completely with its wisdom. The term yidam is said to derive from yikyi tamtsik (Tib.: yid kyi dam tshig), meaning the “samaya of mind.” | yidam本尊（藏：yi dam；梵：ishtadevata）：金剛乘中行者的個人禪修本尊，代表已經覺醒的自性。在修持的時候，行者觀想本尊、重複持誦其咒語，並且完全與其智慧有所共鳴。據說「伊當」（音譯）一詞源自「伊季黨企」（yikyi tamtsik，yid kyi dam tshig），意思是「意之三昧耶」。 | |
| 570 | yikyi tamtsik (Tib.: yid kyi dam tshig). See yidam. | yikyi tamtsik意之三昧耶（藏：yid kyi dam tshig）：參見yidam。 | |
| 571 | ying (Tib.: dbyings; Skt.: dhatu). Space; realm. | ying界、空（藏：dbyings；梵：dhatu）。 | |
| 572 | yogachara (Skt.; Tib.: naljor chöpa; rnal ’byor spyod pa; “practice of yoga”). The “mind-only” school of mahayana Buddhism, founded by Asanga. According to the yogachara view, the appearance of a subject and an object as two separate things is the relative truth. In the ultimate truth, there is only consciousness, free from the duality of subject and object. | yogachara瑜伽行派（梵；藏：naljor chöpa，rnal’byor spyod pa；「瑜伽的修持」）：大乘佛教的唯識宗，由無著尊者創立。按照瑜伽行派的見解，將現象分為能（主體）、所（客體）兩種的為世俗諦；在勝義諦中只有離於能所二元分別的心識。 | |
| 573 | yogayana (Skt.; Tib.: naljor gyi thekpa; rnal ’byor gyi theg pa). The yoga of union. In the nine-yana system, the third of the three lower tantric yanas. See also appendix 5, under The Nine Yanas (chapter 40). | yogayana瑜伽乘（梵；藏：naljor gyi thekpa，rnal’byor gyi theg pa）：融合雙運之瑜伽。九乘體系中，下部續乘的第三者。另見第40章〈事部瑜伽：信任實相〉關於「九乘」的內容。 | |
| 574 | Zen (Jpn.). See Ch’an. | Zen禪（日）：參見Ch’an。 |
