創巴仁波切三乘法教系列外文名相-1別解脫乘篇
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| The Profound Treasury of the Ocean of Dharma: Volume One "The Path of Individual Liberation" |
邱陽創巴仁波切《別解脫乘》兩本中譯的辭彙表 （黃底表示紙本並未收錄） |
勘誤 | |
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| 1 | abhidharma (Skt.). Superior or higher dharma. The Buddhist teachings can be divided into three parts, called the “three baskets,” or Tripitaka: the sutras (general teachings of the Buddha), the vinaya (teachings on conduct), and the abhidharma (teachings on philosophy and psychology). | Abhidharma（梵），阿毘達磨，上好或更高深的法。佛教法教可以被區分為三部分，稱為「三籃」或「三藏」（three baskets, Tripitaka）。此三藏分別是經藏（sutras），佛陀的一般法教；律藏（vinaya），關於行止的法教；以及論藏（abhidharma），關於哲學和心理學的法教。 | |
| 2 | abrahmacharya-viratih shikshapadam samadiyami (Skt.). The vow to refrain from sexual misconduct; the fourth of the five precepts. See also appendix 3, under The Five Precepts (chapter 21). | Abrahmacharya-viratih shikshapadam samadiyami（梵），不邪淫戒，避免不當性行為的誓戒；五戒的第四戒。參見第 21章「避免傷害」。 | |
| 3 | acharya (Skt.; Tib.: loppön; slob dpon). A learned spiritual teacher. adattadana-viratih shikshapadam samadiyami (Skt.). The vow to refrain from stealing; the second of the five precepts. See also appendix 3, under The Five Precepts (chapter 21). | Acharya（梵；藏： loppon；slob dpon），阿闍黎，博學多聞的心靈導師。 | |
| 4 | adattadana-viratih shikshapadam samadiyami (Skt.). The vow to refrain from stealing; the second of the five precepts. See also appendix 3, under The Five Precepts (chapter 21). | Adattadana-viratih shikshapadam samadiyami（梵），不偷盜戒，避免偷盜的誓戒；五戒的第二戒。參見第 21章「避免傷害」。 | |
| 5 | adharma (Skt.). That which is not in accord with the teachings of buddhadharma. | Adharma（梵），非法或不如法，不符合佛法的法教。 | |
| 6 | alaya (Skt.; Tib.: künshi; kun gzhi). The fundamental ground that gives rise to both samsara and nirvana, or the basic split. Not to be confused with alayavijnana, or alaya consciousness, the eighth consciousness. | Alaya（梵；藏： künshi；kun gzhi），阿賴耶、輪迴和涅槃生起的根基，或基本的分岐（the basic split）。切勿把阿賴耶和第八識阿賴耶識（alayavijnana, alaya consciousness）混為一談。 | |
| 7 | alayavijnana (Skt.; Tib.: künshi nampar shepa; kun gzhi rnam par shes pa). The base, or storehouse consciousness; the basis of duality and of all mental activities, also referred to as the eighth consciousness. | Alayavijnana（梵；藏： künshi nampar shepa；kun gzhi rnam par shes pa），阿賴耶識、根本識或含藏識；二元對立和一切心的活動（心所）的基礎，也稱為第八識。 | |
| 8 | Amaterasu Omi Kami (Jpn.). Shinto goddess of the sun. | Amaterasu Omi Kami（日），天照大神，日本神道（Shinto）的太陽女神。 | |
| 9 | arhat (Skt.; Tib.: drachompa; dgra bcom pa). In Sanskrit, “worthy one”; in Tibetan, “one who has conquered the enemy” of conflicting emotions and grasping at a self-entity. A fully accomplished practitioner of the hinayana path who has achieved liberation from the sufferings of samsara. The realization of emptiness is not perfect at this stage, however, because the arhat has yet to enter the mahayana path. | Arhat（梵；藏： drachompa；dgra bcom pa），阿羅漢。在梵語裡，它意指「應供」或「應真」（worthy one）；在藏文裡，它是指「克敵者」（殺賊），征服煩惱和我執等敵人。在小乘的道路上，阿羅漢是已經澈底解脫，離於輪迴痛苦的修行者。然而，在這個階段，阿羅漢尚未圓滿證悟空性，因為他尚未進入大乘的道路。 | |
| 10 | aryasangha (Skt.). Noble sangha. | Aryasangha（梵），聖僧伽。 | |
| 11 | Asanga (300–370). Fourth-century Buddhist teacher and one of the founders of the yogachara, or mind-only, school. | Asanga（300–370），無著菩薩，第四世紀的佛教導師，瑜伽行派（yogachara）或唯識宗的創始者之一。 | |
| 12 | asura (Skt.). Jealous god. See also appendix 3, under The Three Worlds and the Six Realms (chapter 65). | Asura（梵），阿修羅、嫉忌的天眾。參見第9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 13 | Atisha Dipankara (980 or 990–1055). A Buddhist scholar at the great monastic university of Vikramashila, who is known for his teachings on mind training and the cultivation of bodhichitta. | Atisha Dipankara（980或990–1055），阿底峽尊者，偉大佛學院超戒寺（Vikramashila）的佛教學者，他以修心和發菩提心的法教而聞名。 | |
| 14 | avidya (Skt.). Fundamental ignorance. First of the twelve nidanas, represented by the blind grandmother. See also appendix 3, under The Twelve Nidanas (chapter 9). | Avidya（梵），根本無明，十二緣起的第一緣起，以眼盲的祖母為代表。參見第9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 15 | ayatana (Skt.; Tib.: kye-che; skye mched). Sense field. The twelve ayatanas are comprised of the six sense organs of eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind; and the six sense objects of sights, sounds, smells, tastes, touchable objects, and mental objects. The Tibetan translation, kye-che, literally means “arising and spreading.” basic split. The simultaneous arising of both samsara and nirvana, the birth of duality. | Ayatana（梵；藏：kye-che；skye mched），處，感官的界域。十二處是由眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意等六種感覺器官（六根），以及色、聲、香、味、觸和法等六種感官對境（六塵）所構成。藏文意指生起和散播。 | |
| 16 | basic split. The simultaneous arising of both samsara and nirvana, the birth of duality. | Basic split基本的分岐，輪迴與涅槃同時生起，二元對立的誕生。 | |
| 17 | bhagavat (Skt.; Tib.: chom-den-de; bcom ldan ’das). Lord; an epithet of the Buddha. The Tibetan translation means one who conquers the maras, possesses the six excellent qualities (lordship, form, glory, fame, wisdom, and exertion) and has transcended samsara and nirvana. | Bhagavat（梵；藏：chom-den-de；bcom ldan 'das），薄伽梵、世尊，佛陀的另一個名號。藏文意指佛陀擁有自在、熾盛、端嚴、名稱、吉祥、尊貴等六種殊勝功德，並且超越輪迴和涅槃。 | |
| 18 | bhava (Skt.). Becoming; the tenth of the twelve nidanas, represented by copulation. See also appendix 3, under The Twelve Nidanas (chapter 9). | Bhava（梵），有（becoming），十二緣起的第十緣起，以「交媾」為代表。參見第9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 19 | bhavachakra (Skt.). The wheel of life, Tibetan iconographic portrayal of the activities of samsara in the form of a wheel held in the jaws of Yama, the personification of death. | Bhavachakra（梵），輪迴圖、生命之輪，描繪輪迴各種活動的西藏圖像，以一個轉輪的形式呈現，並且由擬人化的死神閻魔（Yama）咬在口中。 | |
| 20 | bhikshu / bhikshuni (f ) (Skt.). Fully ordained monk or nun. See also gelong. | Bhikshu/Bhikshuni（梵），領受具足戒的比丘或比丘尼。 | |
| 21 | bhumi (Skt.). Stage, level; the progressive stages on the path of the bodhisattva that lead to enlightenment. | Bhumi（梵），地、次第、層次，在菩薩道上進展的次第，最終通往覺醒證悟。 | |
| 22 | bodhi (Skt.; Tib.: changchup; byang chub). Awake. Full illumination or enlightenment. | Bodhi（梵；藏：changchup；byang chub），菩提、覺醒、澈底覺醒證悟。 | |
| 23 | bodhi tree. The tree in Bodhgaya, India, under which the Buddha was meditating when he attained enlightenment. A descendent of the original tree still exists in Bodhgaya and is a powerful pilgrimage site. | Bodhi tree菩提樹，佛陀在印度菩提迦耶的一棵菩提樹下禪修，並且證道。原樹的後代仍然生長於菩提迦耶，是一個極具力量的朝聖地。 | |
| 24 | Bodhicharyavatara (The Way of the Bodhisattva; 700 ce). Mahayana text by Shantideva in ten chapters dedicated to the development of bodhichitta through the practice of the six paramitas. | Bodhicharyavatara 《入菩薩行論》，在八世紀，由寂天菩薩（Shantideva）所著的大乘經典，其中共十品，談論如何經由修持六波羅蜜而生起菩提心。 | |
| 25 | bodhichitta (Skt.; Tib.: changchup kyi sem; byang chub kyi sems). Enlightened heart / mind. Ultimate, or absolute, bodhichitta is the union of emptiness and compassion, the essential nature of awakened mind. Relative bodhichitta is the tenderness arising from a glimpse of ultimate bodhichitta, which inspires the practitioner to train in working for the benefit of others. The discovery of bodhichitta is a mark of one’s transition from the hinayana to the mahayana stage of the path. | Bodhichitta（梵；藏：changchup kyi sem；byang chub kyisems），菩提心，覺醒心。究竟菩提心是空性與悲心雙運，也是覺醒心的必要本質。相對菩提心是修行者瞥見究竟菩提心而生起的溫柔，激發鼓舞修行者為了利益其他眾生而修學。發現菩提心是修行者從小乘過渡到大乘修道次第的里程碑。 | |
| 26 | bodhisattva (Skt.; Tib.: changchup sempa; byang chub sems ’dpa). Awake being. In Tibetan, literally “hero of the enlightened mind.” A person who has largely overcome confusion and who is committed to cultivating compassion and wisdom through the practice of the six paramitas (transcendent actions or perfections) in order to free all beings from suffering. See also paramitas. | Bodhisattva（梵；藏：changchup sempa；byang chub sems 'dpa），菩薩、覺醒者。在藏文裡，其意指「具有覺醒證悟心的勇者」。菩薩幾乎已經降伏迷惑，立志要藉由修持六波羅蜜（出世行或圓滿行）而培養悲心與智慧，藉以使一切眾生脫離痛苦。參見六波羅蜜（paramitas）。 | |
| 27 | bodhisattva vow. The vow to attain enlightenment for the benefit of all beings, marking one’s aspiration to enter into the mahayana path of wisdom and compassion and one’s intention to practice the bodhisattva discipline of the six paramitas. | Bodhisattva vow菩薩戒，為了利益一切眾生而立誓證得覺醒證悟之戒。這代表修行者立志要進入大乘悲智之道，並且修持六波羅蜜的菩薩戒律。 | |
| 28 | brahmacharya (Skt.). Celibacy. One of the vows of the hinayana monastic. | Brahmacharya（梵），無欲、禁慾獨身，小乘出家戒之一。 | |
| 29 | Brahman (Skt.; Tib.: tsangpa; tshangs pa). In the Hindu tradition, the eternal, imperishable absolute; the state of pure transcendence that cannot be grasped by thought or speech. | Brahman（梵；藏：tsangpa；tshangs pa），梵、梵天。在印度教的傳統裡，它代表永恆不朽的究竟，無法藉由思想或言語而理解的純然超越狀態。 | |
| 30 | brahmayana (Skt.; Tib.: tsang-pe thekpa; tshangs pa’i theg pa). Complete or pure vehicle, by which one binds oneself to hinayana discipline. | Brahmayana（梵；藏：tsang-pe thekpa；tshangs pa'i theg pa），梵乘，完整或清淨之乘，修行者經由梵乘而持守小乘的戒律。 | |
| 31 | buddha / Buddha (Skt.; Tib.: sang-gye; sangs rgyas). Awakened one. In a general sense, “buddha” may refer to the principle of enlightenment or to any enlightened being. In particular, “the Buddha” refers to the historical Buddha Shakyamuni, or Gautama Buddha. “Buddha” is also the first of the three jewels of refuge. See also appendix 3, under The Three Jewels (chapter 11). | buddha/Buddha（梵；藏：sang-gye；sangs rgyas），佛、佛陀、覺醒者。就一般的意義而言，「佛」（Buddha）指的是覺醒證悟的原則或任何覺悟者。佛陀（the Buddha）特別是指歷史上的釋迦牟尼佛或喬達摩佛。「佛」也是皈依三寶的第一寶。參見第 11章「皈依三寶」。 | |
| 32 | buddha in the palm of your hand. An expression in Buddhism used to describe the perfect wakefulness that every human being intrinsically possesses. | Buddha in the palm of your hand 掌中佛。在佛教中，這用來描述每個人原本就具備圓滿覺醒。 | |
| 33 | buddha nature (Skt.: tathagatagarbha). The intrinsic state of wakefulness inherent in all sentient beings. | Buddha nature（梵：tathagatagarbha），佛性、如來藏，一切有情眾生本具的覺醒狀態。 | |
| 34 | buddhadharma (Skt.). The teachings of the Buddha. | Buddhadharma（梵），佛法，佛陀的法教。 | |
| 35 | chak cha-we ösu kyurpa (Tib.: phyag bya ba’i ’os su gyur pa). Worthy of receiving prostration; a quality of sangha. | ||
| 36 | chakpa (Tib.: chags pa). To be attached; desire, passion, lust. | Chakpa（藏：chags pa），執著、貪欲、貪愛、色慾。 | |
| 37 | chakravartin (Skt.). One who turns the wheel. A universal monarch; in ancient Buddhist and Vedic literature, a king who rules the entire world by his wisdom and virtue. | Chakravartin（梵），轉輪聖王、宇宙君王。在古代佛教和吠陀文獻中，它意指一個憑藉智慧和善德而統御整個世界的國王。 | |
| 38 | changchup yenlak dün (Tib.: byang chub yan lag bdun). The seven limbs of enlightenment, or bodhi. | Changchup yenlak dün（藏：byang chub yan lag bdun，強秋延拉敦），七覺支或七菩提分。 | |
| 39 | chegom (Tib.: dpyad sgom). Analytical meditative practice. | Chegom（藏：dpyad sgom，切貢），觀察修。分析式的禪修。 | |
| 40 | chepa (Tib.: dpyad pa). To analyze. | Chepa（藏：dpyad pa，切巴），分析。 | |
| 41 | chipa nyerchö (Tib.: byis pa nyer spyod). “Acting like an infant.” First of the three stages of vipashyana. See also appendix 3, under Three Stages of Vipashyana (chapter 46). | Chipa nyerchö（藏：byis pa nyer spyod，企巴涅卻），「行為舉止有如嬰孩」，毘婆奢那三次第的第一次第。參見第46章「瞥見空性」。 | |
| 42 | chitta (Skt.). Mind or heart. | Chitta（梵），心意或心胸。 | |
| 43 | chö (Tib.: chos). Dharma. See also dharma. | Chö（藏：chos，卻），法。請參見「法」（dharma）。 | |
| 44 | chö nampar jepa (Tib.: chos rnam par ’byed pa). Fully separating dharmas. First category of vipashyana. See also appendix 3, under Four Categories of Vipashyana (chaper 47). | Chö nampar jepa（藏：chos rnam par ’byed pa，卻南巴傑巴），揀擇諸法，完全區分諸法。毘婆奢那的第一個類別。參見第47章「探究禪修覺受的精微」。 | |
| 45 | chö raptu nampar jepa sherap (Tib.: chos rab tu rnam par ’byed pa shes rab). Knowing how to fully separate one dharma from another. Discriminating-awareness wisdom. | Chö raptu nampar jepa sherap（藏：chos rab tu rnam par 'byed pa shes rab，卻惹度傑巴謝拉），知道如何澈底地區別法，即思擇慧（discriminating awareness wisdom）。 | |
| 46 | chö tham-che dagmepa (Tib.: chos thams cad bdag med pa). All dharmas are marked by emptiness; third of the four marks of existence. | Chö tham-che dagmepa（藏： chos thams cad bdag med pa），諸法無我，四法印的第三法印。 | |
| 47 | chok tsölwa (Tib.: phyogs ’tshol ba). Discovering sides (fourth of the six discoveries of vipashyana). See also appendix 3, under The Six Discoveries (chapter 48). | Chok tsölwa（藏：phyogs ’tshol ba，卻措爾瓦），尋思於品，毘婆奢那六種尋思（六事差別所緣）的第四種。參見第48章「讓感知更為敏銳」。 | |
| 48 | chokshak namsum (Tib.: chog bzhag rnam gsum). Well-being of body, speech, and mind. | Chokshak namsum（藏：chog bzhag rnam gsum），身、語、意的安樂。 | |
| 49 | chok-she (Tib.: chog shes). Contentment. Satisfaction-knowledge. | Chok-she（藏：chog shes），知足（Satisfaction-knowledge）。 | |
| 50 | chökyi dag-me (Tib.: chos kyi bdag med). Egolessness of dharmas, the nonexistence of projected ego. | Chökyi dag-me（藏：chos kyi bdag med），法無我，投射自我的不存在。 | |
| 51 | chom-den-de (Tib.: bcom ldan ’das). Bhagavat; an epithet of the Buddha. See also bhagavat. | Chom-den-de （藏：bcom ldan 'das），世尊、薄伽梵（意譯：出有壞），佛陀的名號，參見 Bhagavat。 | |
| 52 | chöpa (Tib.: dpyod pa). Investigation, analysis. Also, fourth of the four legs of miracle. See also appendix 3, under The Four Legs of Miracle (chapter 65). | Chöpa（藏：dpyod pa，卻巴），探究分析，四神足的第四神足觀神足。參見第65章「大資糧道」。 | |
| 53 | chung ne dro sum (Tib.: byung gnas ’gro gsum). The arising, dwelling, and disappearing of thoughts. Literally, “arising, dwelling, going, the three.” | Chung ne dro sum（藏：byung gnas 'gro gsum），念頭的生、住、滅。其字面意義為「生、住、去三者」。 | |
| 54 | cool boredom. An expression of well-being in which the thinking process becomes less entertaining and thoughts become transparent. According to Trungpa Rinpoche, cool boredom is like what mountains experience. It is hopelessness at its most absolute level. | Cool boredom 冷性的無聊，一種安樂的表現。在這種冷性的無聊當中，思維過程變得比較不那麼有趣，念頭變得透明。根據創巴仁波切的說法，冷性的無聊有如山巒的體驗。在其最究竟的層次，它是「絕望」的。 | |
| 55 | dakini (Skt.; Tib.: khandro; mkha’ ’gro). One who walks in the sky. A wrathful or semiwrathful female deity, or yidam, signifying compassion, emptiness, and prajna. | Dakini（梵；藏：khandro； mkha' 'gro，康卓），空行母，忿怒或半忿怒的女性本尊，象徵悲心、空性和般若智慧。 | |
| 56 | devaloka (Skt.). The god realm. | Devaloka（梵），天道。 | |
| 57 | devaputra-mara (Skt.). One of the four maras. Indulging in personal self-gratification. See also appendix 3, under The Four Maras (chapter 13). | Devaputra-mara （梵），天子魔，四魔羅之一。沈溺於個人的自我滿足之中。參見第13章「佛：覺醒證悟的人」。 | |
| 58 | dewa (Tib.: bde ba) Pleasure or bliss. One of the three fundamental nyams (temporary experiences). See also appendix 3, under Three Fundamental Nyams (chapter 42). | Dewa（藏：bde ba，德瓦），歡樂或狂喜。三種根本且短暫的經驗之一。參見第42章「心念處」。 | |
| 59 | dharma (Skt.; Pali: dhamma; Tib.: chö; chos). Truth, law, phenomena. The second of the three jewels of refuge. Specifically, the buddhadharma, or teaching of the Buddha. Lower dharma is how things work on the mundane level; for example, how water boils. Higher dharma is the subtle understanding of the world: how mind works, how samsara perpetuates itself, how it is transcended, and so on. The term dharmas can also simply refer to phenomena. | Dharma（梵；巴利：dhamma；藏：chö；chos），真諦、法則、現象。皈依三寶的第二寶，特指佛法或佛陀的法教。較低層次的法是指事物在世俗層次運作的方式。較高層次的法是對世界產生精微的理解，也就是心運作的方式、輪迴本身延續的方式，以及如何超越輪迴等等。「法」這個辭彙也可以純粹指稱「現象」。 | |
| 60 | dharmadhatu (Skt.; Tib.: chökyi ying; chos kyi dbyings). Sphere of dharma, or sphere of reality. All-encompassing space in which all phenomena arise, dwell, and dissolve. Unconditional totality, unoriginating and unchanging. | Dharmadhatu（梵；藏：chökyi ying；chos kyi dbyings），法界、法的範疇或實相的範疇。一切現象（諸法）於遍在虛空內生、住和滅。法界是無為的整體，無源生，無變異。 | |
| 61 | dharmakaya (Skt.; Tib.: chöku; chos sku). Dharma body. See also kayas, three. | Dharmakaya（梵；藏：choku；chos sku），法身。請參見三身。 | |
| 62 | dharmapala (Skt.; Tib.: chökyong; chos skyong). An enlightened emanation or a being bound by oath to protect practitioners and the integrity of the dharma. Aid to practitioners in taming of inner and outer obstacles. | Dharmapala（梵；藏：chokyong；chos skyong），護法、證悟的化身，或誓言保護佛法修行者和佛法完整性者。護法幫助修行者調伏內在和外在的障礙。 | |
| 63 | dhatu (Skt.; Tib.: kham; khams). Sense faculty. The eighteen dhatus or sense faculties are comprised of the six sense organs of eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind; the six sense objects of sights, sounds, smells, tastes, touchable objects, and mental contents; and the six corresponding sense consciousnesses of seeing consciousness, hearing consciousness, smelling consciousness, tasting consciousness, touching consciousness, and mind consciousness. A description of the process of perception. | Dhatu（梵；藏：kham；khams），界。十八界是由眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意等六種感覺器官（六根）；色、聲、香、味、觸、法等六種感官對境（六塵）；以及眼識、耳識、鼻識、舌識、身識、意識等相對應的六根識而組成。這是針對感知過程所做的描述。 | |
| 64 | dhyana (Skt.; Tib.: samten; bsam gtan). Meditation, stabilization, concentration. | Dhyana（梵；藏：samten；bsam gtan），禪那、禪定。 | |
| 65 | döchak (Tib.: ’dod chags). Desire, passion; a klesha. See also appendix 3, under The Six Root Kleshas (chapter 55). | 貪（六根本煩惱之一） | |
| 66 | dompa (Tib.: sdom pa; Skt.: samvara). Vow; binding factor. One of the three categories of tsültrim. See also appendix 3, under Three Categories of Tsültrim (chapter 19). | Dompa（藏：sdom pa；梵 samvara），戒、律儀，具約束力、必須遵守的因素。律儀（tsültrim）的三類別之一。參見第 19章「持續啃咬石頭」。 | |
| 67 | dug-ngal (Tib.: sdug bsngal; Skt.: duhkha). Suffering, dissatisfaction. See also duhkha. | Dug-ngal（藏：sdug bsngal；梵 duhkha），痛苦、不滿。參見Duhkha。 | |
| 68 | duhkha (Skt.; Tib.: dug-ngal; sdug bsngal). Suffering. The first of the four noble truths. Physical and psychological suffering of all kinds, including the subtle but all-pervading frustration experienced with regard to the impermanence and insubstantiality of all things. | Duhkha（梵；藏：dug-ngal；sdug bsngal），苦，四聖諦的第一諦。此一痛苦包括各種身心的痛苦，例如細微但遍在的挫折感。眾生因為一切事物的無常和不具實體而感受到這種挫折。 | |
| 69 | dülwa (Tib.: ’dul ba). Taming; discipline; the vinaya. | Dülwa（藏：'dul ba），調伏、持戒、毘奈耶（律藏）。 | |
| 70 | dülwar chepa (Tib.: ’dul bar byed pa). Taming. The fifth of the nine stages of shamatha. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Techniques of Shamatha Practice (chapter 31). | Dülwar cheap（藏：'dul bar byed pa），調伏，奢摩他九次第的第五次第，傳統稱「九住心」第五「調伏」。參見第31章「安住於奢摩他」。 | |
| 71 | dünpa (Tib.: ’dun pa). Aspiration, strong interest. Also, first of the four legs of miracle. See also appendix 3, under Four Legs of Miracle (chapter 65). | Dunpa（藏：’dun pa，敦巴），強烈的渴望，濃厚的興趣（希求、喜愛），它也是四神足的第一神足欲神足。參見第65章「大資糧道」。 | |
| 72 | dzinpa (Tib.: ’dzin pa). Grasping, fixation, holding on to. | Dzinpa（藏：'dzin pa），執取、固著。 | |
| 73 | dzokchen (Tib.: rdzogs chen; Skt.: maha ati). Great completion or great perfection; considered in the Nyingma tradition the highest teachings of the Tibetan Buddhist path. See also maha ati. | Dzokchen（藏：rdzogs chen；梵：maha ati），卓千、瑪哈阿底、大圓滿，寧瑪派視其為藏傳佛教道路最高深的法教。參見Maha Ati。 | |
| 74 | dzok-pe sang-gye (Tib.: rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas; Skt.: sambuddha). Perfect buddha; an epithet for the Buddha. | Dzok-pe sang-gye（藏：rdzogs pa'i sangs rgyas；梵：sambuddha），圓滿佛、正覺佛，佛陀的名號。 | |
| 75 | eightfold path, noble. Fundamental components of the Buddhist path as expounded by Gautama Buddha. The path that leads to the cessation of suffering. See also appendix 3, under The Noble Eightfold Path (chapter 60). | Eightfold path, noble 八聖道，喬達摩佛所闡釋、構成佛教道路的基本組成成分。八聖道通往滅諦。參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 76 | five precepts. Vows taken by a hinayana practitioner, which are refraining from killing, stealing, lying, sexual misconduct, and intoxicants. See also appendix 3, under The Five Precepts (chapter 21). | Five precepts 五戒，小乘修行者領受的誓戒，避免殺生、偷盜、妄語、邪淫和飲酒。參見第21章「避免傷害」。 | |
| 77 | five skandhas. The collection of phenomena we take to be the self or ego: form, feeling, perception/impulse, concept/formation, and consciousness. See also skandha. | Five skandhas 五蘊，色、受、想、行、識等身心現象的集合；我們視其為「自我」。參見skandha（蘊）。 | |
| 78 | Four Dharmas of Gampopa. A traditional four-line chant attributed to Gampopa: Grant your blessing so that my mind may be one with the dharma. Grant your blessing so that dharma may progress along the path. Grant your blessing so that the path may clarify confusion. Grant your blessing so that confusion may dawn as wisdom. See also Gampopa. | Four Dharmas of Gampopa 岡波巴四法，即岡波巴所傳授的傳統四句頌：「請賜予您的加持，如此我心可入佛法（願心向法）。請賜予您的加持，如此佛法可在道上進展（願法向道）。請賜予您的加持，如此法道可釐清迷惑（願道斷惑）。請賜予您的加持，如此迷惑可顯露為智慧（願惑顯智）。」參見Gampopa（岡波巴）。 | |
| 79 | four foundations of mindfulness. In Trungpa Rinpoche’s presentation: mindfulness of body, mindfulness of life, mindfulness of effort, and mindfulness of mind. In traditional texts usually presented as: mindfulness of body, mindfulness of feelings, mindfulness of mind, and mindfulness of mental contents. | four foundations of mindfulness四念處。創巴仁波切所呈現的為：身、命、勤、心這四個念處。傳統為身、受、心、法這四個念處。 | |
| 80 | four marks (Tib.: chaggya shi; phyag rgya bzhi). The four marks of impermanence, suffering, egolessness, and peace. How to view the world from the point of view of the path or doctrine. This list comes up in different contexts as the “four marks of existence,” the “four marks of view,” and the “four norms of dharma.” A related list, called the “three marks of existence,” includes impermanence, suffering, and egolessness, but not peace. | Four marks（藏：chaggya shi；phyag rgya bzhi），四法印，即無常、苦、無我和寂靜。如何從法道或教義的觀點來看待世界。在不同的背景脈絡之下，有「有之四相」（four marks of existence）、「見之四相」（four marks of view），以及「法之四準則」（four norms of dharma）。另有「有之三相（三法印）」（three marks of existence），包括無常、苦和無我，但沒有寂靜。 | |
| 81 | four norms of dharma (Tib.: chökyi domshi; chos kyi sdom bzhi). The first aspect of nontheistic view: impermanence, suffering, egolessness, and peace. See also four marks and appendix 3, under View: The Four Norms of Dharma (chapter 6). | Four norms of dharma（藏：chökyi domshi；chos kyi sdom bzhi），四法印、法之四準則，無神論觀點的第一個面向：無常、苦、無我和寂靜。參見四相和第6章「見：法的四個準則」。 | |
| 82 | Gampopa (1079–1153 ce). One of the main lineage holders of the Kagyü lineage. A student of Milarepa and a great scholar, he established the first Kagyü monastery. | Gampopa （1079–1153），岡波巴，噶舉派的主要傳承持有者之一。他是密勒日巴的弟子，也是一位偉大的學者，並且興建第一座噶舉派寺院。 | |
| 83 | gawa (Tib.: dga’ ba). Joy. | Gawa（藏：dga'ba），喜。 | |
| 84 | gelong / gelongma (f ) (Tib.: dge slong / dge slong ma; Skt.: bhikshu / bhikshuni). “Asking, or begging for virtue.” A fully ordained monk or nun. The fourth category of “soso-tharpist.” See also appendix 3, under Four Levels of Students (chapter 61). | Gelong/Gelongma（藏：dge slong/dge slong ma; 梵：bhikshu / bhikshuni），給隆／給隆瑪，比丘／比丘尼，有「乞求善德」之意。他們是領受具足戒之僧或尼，別解脫行者的第四類。見第61章「聲聞乘——聽聞和聲明之乘」。 | |
| 85 | Geluk (Tib.: dge lugs). One of the four major school of Tibetan Buddhism, characterized by an emphasis on scholarship and intellectual analysis. | Geluk（藏：dge lugs），格魯派，藏傳佛教四大學派之一，以強調學術和智識分析為特徵。 | |
| 86 | genyen / genyenma (f ) (Tib.: dge bsnyen / dge bsnyen ma; Skt.: upasaka / upasika). The second category of “soso-tharpist,” which describes a male or female practitioner who has taken the refuge vow. Specifically, householders who keep the five precepts. See also appendix 3, under Four Levels of Students (chapter 61). | Genyen/Genyenma（藏：dge bsnyen/dge bsnyen ma; 梵：upasaka/upasika），給念／給念瑪，優婆塞／優婆夷，別解脫行者的第二類，他們是已經領受皈依戒的男性或女性修行者，尤其指持守五戒的在家居士。參見第61章「聲聞乘——聽聞和聲明之乘」。 | |
| 87 | getsül / getsülma (f ) (Tib.: dge tshul / dge tshul ma; Skt.: shramanera / shramanerika). The third category of “soso-tharpist” describing a novice monk or nun. See also appendix 3, under Four Levels of Students (chapter 61). | Getsül/Getsülma（藏：dge tshul/dge tshul ma; 梵：shramanera/shramanerika），給楚／給楚瑪，沙彌／沙彌尼，別解脫行者的第三類，指領受沙彌戒、沙彌尼戒的僧尼。參見第61章「聲聞乘——聽聞和聲明之乘」。 | |
| 88 | gokpa (Tib.: ’gog pa; Skt.: nirodha). Cessation. | Gokpa（藏：'gog pa 果巴；梵：nirodha 尼若達），滅。 | |
| 89 | gomden (Tib.: sgom gdan). A block-shaped, rectangular meditation cushion designed by Chögyam Trungpa. | Gomden（藏：sgom gdan），形如磚塊的長方形禪修墊，由邱陽‧創巴仁波切設計。 | |
| 90 | gomlam (Tib.: sgom lam). Path of meditation. See also appendix 3, under The Five Paths (chapter 60). | Gomlam（藏：sgom lam，貢朗），修道（Path of meditation）。參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 91 | gompa (Tib.: sgom pa). Meditation. See also appendix 3, under The Three Ways of Learning (chapter 63). | Gompa（藏：sgom pa，貢巴），禪修。參見第63章「小資糧道」。 | |
| 92 | gyündu jokpa (Tib.: rgyun du ’jog pa). Continuously resting. Second of the nine stages of shamatha. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Techniques of Shamatha Practice (chapter 31). | Gyündu jokpa（藏：rgyun du 'jog pa），持續安住，奢摩他九次第的第二次第，傳統稱「九住心」第二「續住」。參見第 31章「安住於奢摩他」。 | |
| 93 | head and shoulders. Holding oneself upright with a quality of presence, positive arrogance, and decorum. | Head and shoulders頭與肩，帶著一種臨在感、正面性的傲慢和端正的禮儀而挺立。 | |
| 94 | Heart Sutra (Skt.: Prajnaparamita Hridaya Sutra). One of the most important sutras of mahayana Buddhism, studied and recited by many schools of Buddhism. A concise encapsulation of the prajnaparamita teachings and an essential discourse on emptiness. | Heart Sutra（梵：Prajnaparamita Hridaya Sutra），《心經》，大乘佛教最重要的佛經之一，被許多佛教學派研習和念誦。它精簡濃縮地概述般若波羅蜜多的法教，也是談論空性的重要經典。 | |
| 95 | heruka (Skt.; Tib.: thraktung; khrag ’thung). The masculine principle in tantric symbolism representing skillful means, the action aspect of wisdom. A semiwrathful or wrathful male yidam. | Heruka（梵；藏：thraktung；khrag 'thung），黑魯嘎、飲血尊，它是密續象徵裡的男性本尊，象徵善巧方便，智慧的事業面向。為半忿怒或忿怒男性本尊。 | |
| 96 | hinayana (Skt.; Tib.: thekpa chung; theg pa chung). Lesser or narrow vehicle. The spiritual path of individual salvation, based on meditation practice and an understanding of basic Buddhist doctrines such as the four noble truths. Also known as the foundational vehicle, it provides the essential instruction and training that serves as a basis for both the mahayana and the vajrayana. | Hinayana（梵；藏：thekpa chung；theg pa chung），小乘，較小或狹窄之乘。個人解脫的心靈道路，奠基在禪修以及對四聖諦等基本佛教教義的了解之上。它也被稱為基乘（foundational vehicle），提供必要的教導和修學，做為大乘和金剛乘的基礎。 | |
| 97 | Jamgön Kongtrül (1813–1899). Important Tibetan scholar and proponent of nonsectarianism and religious tolerance, known as ri-me (Tib.). Author of the important and extensive compilation of teachings known as The Five Treasures. Jamgön Kongtrül’s The Treasury of Knowledge was one of the primary resources Trungpa Rinpoche consulted in preparing his Seminary teachings. | Jamgön Kongtrül（1813–1899），第一世蔣貢．康楚仁波切，重要的西藏學者，提倡「利美」不分派運動和宗教包容度。他的重要著作《五寶藏》集結彙整了廣泛的法教。創巴仁波切在準備金剛界研習營的教授開示時，蔣貢．康楚仁波切的《知識寶藏論》是他主要參考資料之一。 | |
| 98 | jara-marana (Skt.). Old age and death; twelfth of the twelve nidanas, represented by a funeral procession. See also appendix 3, under The Twelve Nidanas (chapter 9). | Jara-marana（梵），老死，十二緣起的第十二緣起支，以送葬隊伍為代表。參見第9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 99 | jati (Skt.). Birth; the eleventh of the twelve nidanas, represented by a woman in childbirth. See also appendix 3, under The Twelve Nidanas (chapter 9). | Jati（梵），出生，十二緣起的第十一緣起支，以生產中的女人為代表。參見第9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 100 | jethop (Tib.: rjes thob). Postmeditation. | Jethop（藏：rjes thob），座下修。 | |
| 101 | jhana (Pali; Skt.: dhyana). State of meditative absorption. According to Chögyam Trungpa, attachment to such states is an obstacle that can lead to becoming trapped in the god realm, and therefore, it is better not to seek them out. | Jhana（巴利；梵：dhyana），禪那、禪定狀態。根據邱陽．創巴仁波切的說法，執著於這樣的狀態是一種障礙，會導致修行者困於天道。因此，最好不要刻意去追尋這種狀態。 | |
| 102 | jin-pe nesu kyurpa (Tib.: sbyin pa’i gnas su gyur pa). An object of generosity; a quality of sangha. | Jin-pe nesu kyurpa（藏：sbyin pa'i gnas su gyur pa），布施的對境；僧伽的功德之一。 | 所應惠施 |
| 103 | joggom (Tib.: ’jog sgom). Resting meditation; meditation in which the mind rests, or is placed, on a focal object without wandering. | Joggom（藏：'jog sgom），安住修、住心禪修（resting meditation），在這種禪修當中，修行者把心安住或放置在一個專注對境上，而不分心散亂。 | |
| 104 | jorlam (Tib.: sbyor lam). Path of unification. See also appendix 3, under The Five Paths (chapter 60). | Jorlam（藏：sbyor lam，久朗），加行道（path of unification）。參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 105 | jorwa (Tib.: sbyor ba). Application or practice; effort. | Jorwa（藏：sbyor ba），實修、精進。 | |
| 106 | Kagyü. One of the four major lineages of Tibetan Buddhism, known as the practice lineage for its emphasis on meditative training. Chögyam Trungpa was a lineage holder in this tradition. | Kagyü 噶舉，藏傳佛教四大傳承之一，因強調禪修而以實修傳承聞名。邱陽．創巴仁波切是噶舉傳承的傳承持有者之一。 | |
| 107 | kalpa (Skt.). An aeon, or a long period of time. | Kalpa（梵），劫，或很長一段時間。 | |
| 108 | kangsak ki dag-me (Tib.: gang zag gi bdag med). Nonexistence of individual ego. | Kangsak ki dag-me（藏：gang zag gi bdag med），傳統稱「人無我」或「補特伽羅無我」，沒有自我的存在。 | |
| 109 | karma (Skt.; Tib.: le; las). Action. The chain-reaction process of action and result, or cause and effect, arising from the habit of ego fixation. According to this doctrine, one’s present experience is a product of previous actions and volitions, and future conditions depend on what is done in the present. Virtuous actions lead to positive results, and nonvirtuous actions to negative results. Ultimately, the goal is to break the karmic chain by means of wisdom and skillful means, and free oneself from the destructive habit of ego. | Karma（梵；藏：le；las），業、行為。行為和結果，或因果的連鎖反應過程是從我執的習慣生起。根據此一教義，一個人目前的體驗是過去行為和意志的產物，而未來的情況則取決於目前的所作所為。善行導致正面的結果，不善行帶來負面的結果。究竟而言，我們的目標是，藉由智慧和善巧方便而破除業的鎖鏈，離於自我具毀滅性的習慣。 | |
| 110 | Karmapas. The Karmapa lineage is the oldest continuous lineage in Tibetan Buddhism, and since the time of the first Karmapa Tüsum Khyenpa (1110–1193) the Karmapas have served as the spiritual leaders of the Kagyü tradition. The sixteenth Karmapa Rikpe Dorje (1924–1981) was the Kagyü lineage holder during Trungpa Rinpoche’s lifetime. The current or seventeenth Karmapa is Ogyen Trinley Dorje (b. 1985). | Karmapa噶瑪巴，噶瑪巴傳承是藏傳佛教最古老的不間斷傳承，從第一世噶瑪巴杜松虔巴（Tüsum Khyenpa，1110–1193）開始，噶瑪巴就一直是噶舉傳承的精神領袖。在創巴仁波切有生之年，第十六世噶瑪巴日佩多傑（Rikpe Dorje，1924–1981）是噶舉傳承的持有者。鄔金欽列多傑（Ogyen Trinley Dorje，1985～ ）是當今第十七世噶瑪巴。 | |
| 111 | karmic seed (from Skt.: karma). Every action, whether of thought, word, or deed, sows seeds that will eventually bear fruit in terms of experience, whether in this or future lives. See also karma. | Karmic seed 業的種子。每個行為，不論是念頭、語言文字或行為，都會播下種子，並且終將在今生或來世開花結果。參見karma，業。 | |
| 112 | kayas, three (Skt.). Body. The three bodies of a buddha: the nirmanakaya, sambhogakaya, and dharmakaya. Nirmanakaya means “emanation body,” or “body of manifestation.” It is the communication of awakened mind through form—specifically, through embodiment as a human being (guru). Sambhogakaya, “enjoyment body,” is the energy of compassion and communication linking the dharmakaya and the nirmanakaya. The dharmakaya is the “body of dharma”—the aspect of realization beyond form or limit, time or space. | Kayas, three（梵），身、三身。佛的化身、報身和法身三身。化身（nirmanakaya）是化現之身（emanation body, body of manifestation）。覺醒心經由色相，尤其是經由化現的人身（上師）而進行交流溝通。報身（sambhogakaya, enjoyment body樂受身）是悲心的能量，以及連結法身和化身的溝通交流。法身（dharmakaya, body of dharma）是超越色相、限制、時間或空間的了證面向。 | |
| 113 | kham cho-gye (Tib.: khams bco brgyad). Tibetan for the eighteen dhatus. See also dhatu. | Kham cho-gye（藏：khams bco brgyad），為藏文的十八界。參見Dhatu，界。 | |
| 114 | khenpo (Tib.: mkhan po). Master scholar, a title of academic accomplishment; khenchen, or “great teacher,” is an even more honorific title. | Khenpo（藏：mkhan po），堪布、大學者，學術成就的頭銜。Khenchen 堪千，或「偉大的老師」，是一個在「堪布」之上的尊稱。 | |
| 115 | khorwa (Tib.: ’khor ba). To spin. Cyclic existence; the vicious cycle of transmigratory existence. See also samsara. | Khorwa（藏：'khor ba），流轉、旋轉。輪迴，轉世投生的惡性循環。參見Samsara（輪迴）。 | |
| 116 | klesha (Skt.; Tib.: nyönmong; nyon mongs). Defilements; conflicting emotion; poison. Kleshas are properties that dull the mind and lead to unwholesome actions. The three main kleshas are passion, aggression, and ignorance or delusion. | Klesha（梵；藏：nyönmong；nyon mongs），染污、煩惱、毒。這些屬性使心昏沉，產生不善的行為。貪、瞋、癡是三大煩惱染污或三毒。 | |
| 117 | klesha-mara (Skt.). The state of mind that entertains passion, aggression, arrogance, jealousy, ignorance, and other poisonous emotions. See also appendix 3, under The Four Maras (chapter 13). | Klesha-mara（梵），煩惱魔。心懷有貪、瞋、癡、慢、嫉及其他有毒情緒的狀態。參見第13章「佛：覺醒證悟的人」。 | |
| 118 | küjor (Tib.: gus sbyor). Devotional exertion. Exertion that strives for virtue with an attitude of respect, devotion, and delight. | Küjor（藏：gus sbyor），虔誠的精進。懷著尊敬、虔誠和歡欣而努力追求善德的精進。 | |
| 119 | kündzop (Tib.: kun rdzob). Relative or conventional truth; contrasted to töndam, or “absolute truth,” in the teaching of the two truths. | Kündzop（藏：kun rdzob，昆佐），世俗諦，相對於二諦法教裡的究竟真諦或勝義諦（藏：tondam，通當）。 | |
| 120 | künjung (Tib.: kun ’byung; Skt.: samudaya). Origin of suffering. Künjung is based both on kleshas, or conflicting emotions, and karma, the habitual entanglement of cause and effect. This process is supported by the misperception of the self as a solid, independently existing entity. The five skandhas, or five components making up the self, are permeated with künjung. | Künjung（藏：kun ’byung 昆炯; 梵：samudaya），痛苦的起源（集諦）。它奠基在煩惱和業（因果糾纏的串習）上，這個過程受到「自我為堅實且獨立存在的本體」的誤解所支持。自我是由充滿了「苦之源」的五蘊所構成。 | |
| 121 | künjung of karma. Bringing about suffering for oneself and others by acting upon others as a result of the arising of the kleshas. | Künjung of karma，業之集。由於煩惱的生起，而對他人做出某些行為，進而為自己和他人帶來痛苦。 | |
| 122 | künjung of kleshas. Bringing about suffering for oneself through the arising of the kleshas. | 煩惱之集 | |
| 123 | künlong (Tib.: kun slong). Motivation. | Künlong（藏：kun slong，昆隆），動機發心。 | |
| 124 | küntu yang jin-pe nesu kyurpa chenpo (Tib.: kun tu yang sbyin pa’i gnas su gyur pa chen po). A great object of generosity; a quality of sangha. | 普應惠施 | |
| 125 | kusulu (Skt.). A simple yogin who does only three necessary things: eat, sleep, and shit. | Kusulu（梵），固速魯，單純的瑜伽行者，只做吃、睡、拉屎等三件必要的事情。 | |
| 126 | lam (Tib.: lam). Path. | Lam（藏： lam），道。 | |
| 127 | lama (Tib.: bla ma; Skt.: guru). Teacher. | Lama（藏：bla ma；梵： guru），喇嘛、古魯、上師。 | |
| 128 | Lankavatara Sutra (Skt.; The Descent into Lanka Sutra). One of the principle texts of mahayana Buddhism. | Lankavatara Sutra（梵；The Descent into Lanka Sutra），《楞伽經》，大乘佛教的主要典籍之一。 | |
| 129 | lappa (Tib.: bslab pa). Training. | Lappa（藏：bslab pa），傳統稱「學處」，修學。 | |
| 130 | le (Tib.: las). Karma or action. See also karma. | Le（藏：las），業或行為。請參見 karma（業）。 | |
| 131 | lek-che (Tib.: legs spyad). Good; regarded as the best; well thought of. One of the three categories of tsültrim. See also appendix 3, under Three Categories of Tsültrim (chapter 19). | Lek-che（藏： legs spyad），善、被視為最上等、深思熟慮。律儀的三種類別。參見第19章「持續啃咬石頭」。 | |
| 132 | lekpar shukpa (Tib.: legs par zhugs pa). Entering completely; a quality of the sangha. | Lekpar shukpa（藏：legs par zhugs pa），入善，「已入善道」之意，僧伽的功德之一。 | 正行 |
| 133 | len-te jokpa (Tib.: bslan te ’jog pa). Repeated placement, or literally resting. Third of the nine stages of shamatha. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Techniques of Shamatha Practice (chapter 31). | Len-te jokpa（藏：bslan te 'jog pa），一再地安住。奢摩他九次第（傳統「九住心」第三「安住」）的第三次第。參見第31章「安住於奢摩他」。 | |
| 134 | lesu rungwa (Tib.: las su rung ba). Workable or suitable. A quality of mental activity and functioning. | Lesu rungwa（藏：las su rung ba），可下工夫或適合的。心的活動和運作的特質。 | |
| 135 | lhakthong (Tib.: lhag mthong; Skt.: vipashyana). Superior seeing; insight; higher view. Awareness practice. See also vipashyana. | Lhakthong（藏：lhag mthong；梵：vipashyana），傳統稱「勝觀」或「觀禪」、優越之見、洞見、更崇高的見地。覺知的修持。參見 Vipashyana（毘婆奢那）。 | |
| 136 | lhakthong yenlak gye (Tib.: lhag mthong yan lag brgyad). The eight superior ways of seeing the world for the learned and virtuous Buddha (the same eight categories as the noble eightfold path). | Lhakthong yenlak gye（藏：lhag mthong yan lag brgyad），傳統稱「八正道」或「八聖道支」，博學賢德的佛陀看待世界的八種優越方式（與八聖道是相同的類別）。 | |
| 137 | loppön (Tib.: slob dpon). Master of learning. See also acharya. | Loppön（藏：slob dpon），學識大師。參見Acharya阿闍黎），第 8章「上師的名號與稱謂」。 | |
| 138 | lung (Tib.: rlung). Reading transmission; information. | Lung（藏：rlung），口傳，資訊。 | |
| 139 | lung sem sewa (Tib.: rlung sems sre ba). Mixing mind and breath. | Lung sem sewa（藏：rlung sems sre ba），心氣相融、心氣合一，混合心與氣息。 | |
| 140 | madhyamaka. The middle-way school, a philosophical school based on the dialectical approach of undercutting any attempt to establish a solid logical position, developed by the great logician Nagarjuna (second to third century ce). | Madhyamaka 中觀派，由第二、三世紀的偉大的因明（邏輯）學家龍樹菩薩（Nagarjuna）所發展出來的哲學學派，以辯證的方式來削弱建立一個紮實的邏輯立場的企圖。 | |
| 141 | maha (Skt.). Great. | Maha（梵），偉大。 | |
| 142 | maha-ati (Skt.; Tib.: dzokchen; rdzogs chen). Great perfection or great completion. The primary teaching of the Nyingma school, which considers this teaching to be the final statement of the fruition path of vajrayana. It is called “great” because there is nothing higher; it is called “perfection” because no further means are necessary. According to the experience of maha ati practitioners, purity of mind is always present and needs only to be recognized. | Maha-Ati（梵；藏：dzokchen；rdzogs chen），瑪哈阿底、大圓滿。寧瑪派的主要法教，並且視其為金剛乘果道的最終宣說。它之所以被稱為「大」，是因為沒有什麼法教比它更為崇高；被稱為「圓滿」，是因為不再需要進一步的方法。根據大圓滿修行者的覺受來看，心的清淨一直都在那裡，只需要被認出即可。 | |
| 143 | mahaduhkha (Skt.). Great suffering. | Mahaduhkha（梵），巨苦。 | |
| 144 | mahasangha (Skt.). Great sangha (community of practitioners). In hinayana Buddhism, sangha usually refers only to the monastic community; in the mahayana, a more expanded notion of sangha, or mahasangha, refers not just to the monastic community but includes lay practitioners, as well. See also sangha. | Mahasangha（梵），大僧伽（修行者組成的社群）。在小乘佛教裡，僧伽通常只指出家社群，大乘佛教把僧伽更為擴大，稱其為大僧伽，不只是指出家社群，也包括在家居士。參見Sangha僧伽）。 | |
| 145 | mahavipashyana (Skt.). Seeing things as they are, the third stage of vipashyana, which brings spaciousness and a glimpse of shunyata. | Mahavipashyana（梵），大觀，如實地看待事物，此為內觀的第三個次第，修行者體驗空廣，並且瞥見空性（shunyata）。參見第24章「基本的極簡」。 | |
| 146 | mahayana (Skt.; Tib.: thekpa chenpo; theg pa chen po). Great vehicle, the second of the three yanas (hinayana, mahayana, and vajrayana) emphasizing the union of emptiness and compassion, the practice of the paramitas, and the ideal of the bodhisattva. | Mahayana（梵；藏：thekpa chenpo；theg pa chen po），大乘，小乘、大乘、金剛乘等三乘的第二乘，強調悲心與空性雙運、般若波羅蜜多的修持和菩薩的理念。 | |
| 147 | Maitreya asana (Skt.). A posture of meditation used while sitting in a chair. Maitreya, the bodhisattva of loving-kindness, is often depicted sitting with his legs hanging down, as if in a chair. Asana means “posture,” or “position.” | Maitreya asana（梵），彌勒坐姿，坐在椅子上時所採取的禪修姿勢。彌勒菩薩又稱慈氏，常常被描繪為如坐於椅上那般地雙腿垂下而坐。「Asana」意指姿勢或位置。 | |
| 148 | maitri (Skt.). Loving-kindness. | Maitri（梵），慈。 | |
| 149 | makyo (Jpn.). Illusions or fantasies. | Makyo（日），幻相或空想。 | |
| 150 | Manjushri (Skt.). The bodhisattva of wisdom, whose two-edged sword is said to cut in one stroke through aggression and twofold ego. See also twofold ego. | Manjushri（梵），妙音吉祥菩薩、文殊師利、智慧菩薩，他所持的雙刃寶劍一揮即可斬斷「瞋」和「二執」。參見Twofold ego。 | |
| 151 | mara (Skt.). Evil, seductive forces. Mara is the demon who tempted the Buddha with seductive visions. See also appendix 3, under The Four Maras (chapter 13). | Mara（梵），魔羅，邪惡的誘惑力量。魔羅是使用誘惑迷人的景象來引誘佛陀的惡魔。 | |
| 152 | Marpa (1012–1097). Renowned Tibetan Kagyü yogi and translator; principle teacher of Tibet’s poet-saint Milarepa. | Marpa（1012–1097），馬爾巴，西藏噶舉派的著名瑜伽士和譯師；西藏聖哲詩人密勒日巴（Milarepa）的根本上師。 | |
| 153 | Milarepa (1040–1123). One of the forefathers of the Kagyü lineage. A student of Marpa who attained enlightenment in one lifetime, he is the most famous of Tibetan saints and is known for his spontaneous spiritual songs (dohas). | Milarepa（1040–1123），密勒日巴，噶舉傳承的祖師之一，馬爾巴的弟子，即身覺醒證悟，是西藏最著名的聖哲，並且以其任運道歌聞名。 | |
| 154 | mi-lob-lam (Tib.: mi slob lam). Path of no more learning. See also appendix 3, under The Five Paths (chapter 60). | 無學道（五道之一） | |
| 155 | mitakpa (Tib.: mi rtag pa). Not permanent; subject to dissolution. The first of the four marks of existence. | Mitakpa（藏：mi rtag pa），無常、注定會消融。四法印的第一法印。 | |
| 156 | mitokpa (Tib.: mi rtog pa). Without thought. One of the three fundamental nyam (temporary experiences). See also appendix 3, under Three Fundamental Nyams (chapter 42). | Mitokpa（藏：mi rtog pa，米拓巴），無念。三種根本的短暫覺受（藏：nyam 釀）。參見第42章「心念處」。 | |
| 157 | moksha (Skt.). Freedom. See also pratimoksha. | Moksha（梵），解脫。參見Pratimoksha（別解脫戒）。 | |
| 158 | momo (Tib.: mog mog). Tibetan dumpling. | Momo（藏：mog mog），西藏餃子。 | |
| 159 | mrishavada-viratih shikshapadam samadiyami (Skt.). The vow to refrain from lying; the third of the five precepts. See also appendix 3, under The Five Precepts (chapter 21). | Mrishavada-viratih shikshapadam samadiyami（梵），不妄語、避免妄語的誓戒，五戒的第三戒。參見第21章「避免傷害」。 | |
| 160 | mudra (Skt.). Symbol; ritual hand gesture. | Mudra（梵），象徵符號、手印。 | |
| 161 | nagas (Skt.). Snakelike beings associated with jewel treasures and knowledge, considered to be guardians of the prajnaparamita teachings. | Nagas（梵），龍族，如蛇般的眾生，與珍寶和知識有關，被認為是般若波羅蜜多法教的守護者。 | |
| 162 | Nagarjuna (second to third century ce). A great Indian teacher of Buddhism, the founder of the madhyamaka school of Buddhist philosophy. He contributed greatly to the logical development of the doctrine of shunyata and was the author of many key texts. According to tradition, he was also the guru of various important Buddhist teachers. | Nagarjuna龍樹菩薩，第二、三世紀印度的偉大佛教上師，佛教中觀學派的創始人。他對「空性」教義的發展貢獻至鉅，也是眾多重要文本的作者。根據傳統的說法，他也是各個重要佛教導師的上師。 | |
| 163 | nama-rupa (Skt.). Name and form; fourth of the twelve nidanas, represented by the person in a boat. See also appendix 3, under The Twelve Nidanas (chapter 9). | Nama-rupa（梵），名色，十二緣起的第四緣起，以船中人為代表。參見第9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 164 | nampar mitokpa (Tib.: rnam par mi rtog pa). Complete nonconceptualization. | Nampar mitokpa（藏：rnam par mi rtog pa），無分別、無所分別、不進行思維。 | |
| 165 | nampar shiwar chepa (Tib.: rnam par zhi bar byed pa). Thoroughly pacifying. The seventh of the nine stages of shamatha. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Techniques of Shamatha Practice (chapter 31). | Nampar shiwar chepa（藏：rnam par zhi bar byed pa），澈底平息。奢摩他九次第的第七次第（傳統稱「九住心」第七「最極寂靜」）。參見第31章「安住於奢摩他」。 | |
| 166 | Naropa (1016–1100). An important scholar at Nalanda University in India, a powerful Buddhist saint, or mahasiddha, and one of the founding teachers of the Kagyü lineage. The teacher of Marpa, who brought many of Naropa’s teachings and practices to Tibet. | Naropa（1016–1100），那洛巴，印度那瀾陀寺的重要學者，極具影響力的佛教聖哲或大成就者，也是噶舉傳承的祖師之一。馬爾巴的上師。馬爾巴把那洛巴的眾多法教和修行法門帶到西藏。 | |
| 167 | ne-ngen len-gyi gyu (Tib.: gnas ngan len gyi rgyu). The seed of entering into the lower realms. Cutting this seed marks one’s entry into the middle path of accumulation. | Ne-ngen len-gyi gyu（藏：gnas ngan len gyi rgyu），墮入下三道的種子。若斷除此一種子，表示修行者進入資糧道次第（the middle path of accumulation）。 | 「中品資糧道」，而非「資糧道次第」 |
| 168 | neten (Tib.: gnas brtan). Elder, or learned one. | Neten（藏：gnas brtan），長老或尊者。 | |
| 169 | nga-gyal (Tib.: nga rgyal). Pride. See also appendix 3, under The Six Root Kleshas (chapter 55). | 慢（六根本煩惱之一） | |
| 170 | ngak (Tib.: ngag). Speech. | Ngak（藏：ngag），言語。 | |
| 171 | ngejung (Tib.: nges ’byung). Renunciation. | Ngejung（藏：nges 'byung），出離。 | |
| 172 | ngelek (Tib.: nges legs). Final good; experience beyond samsara. | Ngelek（藏：nges legs），傳統稱「決定勝」，最終之善，超越輪迴的覺受。 | |
| 173 | ngepar shepa (Tib.: nges par shes pa). True or complete conviction. | Ngepar shepa（藏：nges par shes pa），確信、定解，真正或澈底信服。 | |
| 174 | ngöpo tsölwa (Tib.: dngos po ’tshol ba). Discovery of objects of inside and outside. Second of the six discoveries of vipashyana. See also appendix 3, under The Six Discoveries (chapter 48). | Ngöpo tsölwa（藏：dngos po ’tshol ba，俄波措瓦），尋思於事（辨析內在和外在的物體）。毘婆奢那六種尋思（六事差別所緣）的第二種。參見第48章「讓感知更為敏銳」。 | |
| 175 | nidanas, twelve (Skt.). Chain of causation. The twelve links of interdependent origination: ignorance, formation, consciousness, name and form, six sense faculties, contact, feeling, craving, grasping, becoming, birth, and old age and death. The twelve links of mutually conditioned psychological and physical phenomena that constitute individual existence, and entangle sentient beings in samsara. | Nidanas, twelve（梵），十二緣起、因果之鏈。這十二緣起分別是無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死。這身心現象相互依緣的十二緣起構成個人的存在，使有情眾生受困於輪迴。 | |
| 176 | nirmanakaya (Skt.; Tib.: tülku; sprul sku). Emanation body. See also kayas, three. | Nirmanakaya（梵；藏：tülku；sprul sku），化身。參見kayas, three（身，三身）。 | |
| 177 | nirodha (Skt.; Tib.: gokpa; ’gog pa). Cessation. | Nirodha（梵；藏：gokpa；'gog pa），滅或止滅。 | |
| 178 | nirvana (Skt.; Tib.: nya-ngen ledepa; mya ngan las ’das pa). Extinguished. The Tibetan translation of this word means “gone beyond suffering,” a state of no more suffering achieved when one is enlightened; used in contrast to samsara. | Nirvana（梵；藏：nya-ngen ledepa；mya ngan las 'das pa），離苦、涅槃。藏文的意義是「超越痛苦」，即覺醒證悟者達到了無痛苦的狀態；相對於輪迴。 | |
| 179 | nonreturners. Those who in their next life do not return to the world of samsara. | Nonreturners 不還（不還果，小乘果位名），在下一個生世，不會再返回輪迴世界的修行者。 | |
| 180 | nyam (Tib.: nyams). Temporary experiences. See also appendix 3, under Three Fundamental Nyams and Five Basic Nyams (chapter 42). | 禪修覺受 | |
| 181 | nyampar jokpa (Tib.: mnyam par ’jog pa). Resting evenly. Ninth of the nine stages of shamatha. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Techniques of Shamatha Practice (chapter 31). | Nyampar jokpa（藏：mnyam par 'jog pa），平等安住，奢摩他九次第的第九次第（傳統稱「九住心」第九「等持住」）。參見第31章「修持奢摩他的九種技巧」。 | |
| 182 | nya-ngen ledepa shiwa (Tib.: mya ngan las ’das pa zhi ba). Going beyond suffering, or nirvana, is peace; the fourth of the four marks of existence. | Nya-ngen ledepa shiwa（藏：mya ngan las 'das pa zhi ba），寂靜是超越痛苦，或涅槃；四法印的第四法印。 | |
| 183 | nyen-ne (Tib.: bsnyen gnas; Skt.: upavasa / upavasi). A male or female house-holder who takes vows for one day at a time; a discipline generally connected with fasting practice. The first category of “soso-tharpist.” See also appendix 3, under Four Levels of Students (chapter 61). | Nyen-ne/Nyen-nema（藏：bsnyen gnas; 梵：upavasa/upavasi），念涅／念涅瑪，鄔波婆沙／鄔波婆夷，他們是男性或女性在家居士，一次持戒一天。此一戒律通常與齋戒有關。別解脫行者的第一類。參見第61章「聲聞乘——聽聞和聲明之乘」。 | |
| 184 | nyenthö (Tib.: nyan thos). Listening and hearing; a shravaka. | Nyenthö（藏：nyan thos），聲聞（shravaka）。 | |
| 185 | nyewar jokpa (Tib.: nye bar ’jog pa). Closely or thoroughly resting. The fourth of the nine stages of shamatha. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Techniques of Shamatha Practice (chapter 31). | Nyewar jokpa（藏：nye bar 'jog pa），嚴密或澈底地安住。奢摩他九次第的第四次第（傳統稱「九住心」第四「近住」）。參見第31章「安住於奢摩他」。 | |
| 186 | Nyingma (Tib.: rnying ma). The ancient ones. The oldest of the four principal schools of Tibetan Buddhism, focusing on the early transmission of Buddhist teachings brought from India to Tibet by Padmasambhava and monks and scholars such as Vimalamitra and Vairochana in the eighth century. | Nyingma（藏：rnying ma），寧瑪，舊派。藏傳佛教四大學派最古老的一派。在第八世紀，由蓮師（Padmasambhava）和無垢友尊者（Vimalamitra）、毘盧遮那（Vairochana）等大成就者和學者引進西藏的早期佛法教傳，是寧瑪派的焦點。 | |
| 187 | nyönmong (Tib.: nyon mongs; Skt.: klesha). Defilement or conflicting emotions. See also klesha. | Nyönmong（藏：nyon mongs；梵：klesha），煩惱。參見klesha。 | |
| 188 | nyönmong künjung (Tib.: nyon mongs kun ’byung). Origin of suffering in terms of conflicting emotions or kleshas. | Nyönmong künjung（藏：nyon mongs kun 'byung），就煩惱而言的集諦。 | |
| 189 | nyönmong kyi drippa (Tib.: nyon mongs kyi sgrib pa). The obscuration of defilements, or conflicting emotions, brought about from pakchak kyi drippa, or habitual tendencies. | Nyönmong kyi drippa（藏：nyon mongs kyi sgrib pa），由串習引起的煩惱障蔽（煩惱障）。 | |
| 190 | nyön-yi (Tib.: nyon yid). Seventh consciousness; klesha mind, or afflicted mind. The mental consciousness that possesses the kleshas. | Nyön-yi（藏：nyon yid），第七識末那識、充滿煩惱的心，有煩惱的心識。 | |
| 191 | once-returners. Those who return to the world of samsara for just one more lifetime. | Once-returners 一來，聲聞果位名，僅僅再一個生世返回輪迴世界（即得解脫）者。 | |
| 192 | oryoki (Jpn.). A Zen Buddhist practice of mindful eating. The ritual of eating meals in a shrine room. | Oryoki（日），恰好齋，禪宗的正念飲食修行法門，一種在佛堂舉行的飲食儀式。 | |
| 193 | Padma Sambhava (eighth century). “The lotus born.” Also known as Guru Rinpoche. One of the founders of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition revered by the Nyingma school as the “second Buddha.” | Padma Sambhava 蓮花生（the lotus born）出生於第八世紀，也是眾所周知的古魯仁波切（Guru Rinpoche）。藏傳佛教的創始者之一，寧瑪派尊崇其為「第二佛」。 | |
| 194 | pagyö (Tib.: bag yod). Heedfulness, conscientiousness, attentiveness. | Pagyö（藏：bag yod），不放逸、留心觀照。 | |
| 195 | pakchak kyi drippa (Tib.: bag chags kyi sgrib pa). Obscuration of habitual tendencies; flickering thoughts. | Pakchak kyi drippa（藏：bag chags kyi sgrib pa）習氣障、串習的障蔽、閃現的念頭。 | |
| 196 | pakpheppa (Tib.: bag pheb pa). Relaxation. | Pakpheppa（藏：bag pheb pa），悠閒、舒暢、輕鬆、恬靜、安穩。 | |
| 197 | pancha-shila (Skt.). Five precepts. | Pancha-shila（梵），五戒。 | |
| 198 | paramitas (Skt.; Tib.: pharchen; phar phyin). Perfection; in Tibetan, “gone to the far shore.” The six paramitas are the transcendent virtues of generosity, discipline, patience, exertion, meditation, and prajna (knowledge). | Paramitas（梵；藏：pharchen；phar phyin），波羅蜜、圓滿，在藏文裡，它是指「度至彼岸」。六波羅蜜是布施、持戒、安忍、精進、禪定和智慧等六種超越的善德。 | |
| 199 | Patrül Rinpoche (1808–1887). A leading teacher in the Nyingma tradition. Author of The Words of My Perfect Teacher, one of the best-loved introductions to the foundations of Tibetan Buddhism. | Patrül Rinpoche（1808–1887）巴楚仁波切，寧瑪傳統的頂尖上師，《普賢上師言教》（The Words of My Perfect Teacher）的作者。此書是針對藏傳佛教的基礎所做，且最受人喜愛的著作之一。 | |
| 200 | postmeditation. Follow-up to formal sitting practice. Bringing the practice of mindfulness and awareness into all the activities of one’s daily life. | Postmeditation 座下修，繼正式的禪坐（座上修）之後所做的修持。把正念和覺知帶入日常生活的一切活動之中。 | |
| 201 | prajna (Skt.; Tib.: sherap; shes rab). Perfect knowledge, meaning wisdom, understanding, or discrimination. Higher prajna is dharmic insight. Ordinary prajna is understanding the world and how things work on a mundane level; in the beginning of the path, higher prajna encompasses direct experience of the mind and its processes; in later stages, it encompasses penetrating insight that discovers both the world and the self to be illusory. Along with shila and samadhi, one of three key principles for the hinayana path. See also appendix 3, under Contents of All Saddharma (chapter 4). | Prajna（梵；藏：sherap；shes rab），般若、圓滿的知識，意指智慧、智解或明辨。更高層次的般若是法的洞見。一般的般若是在世俗的層次上，了解世界和事物運作的方式。在法道之初，更高層次的般若包含心的直接覺受和心的進程；在之後的次第，它包含了深入的洞見，發現世界和自我本身為虛妄。戒律、三摩地、般若（戒、定、慧）是小乘道路的三個重要原則。參見第4章「接受真正的法」。 | |
| 202 | prana (Skt.; Tib.: lung; rlung). Wind, air, or breath. | Prana（梵；藏：lung；rlung），風息。 | |
| 203 | pranatipata-viratih shikshapadam samadiyami (Skt.). The vow to refrain from killing; first of the five precepts. See also appendix 3, under The Five Precepts (chapter 21). | Pranatipata-viratih shikshapadam samadiyami（梵），避免殺生之戒，五戒的第一戒。參見第21章「避免傷害」。 | |
| 204 | pratimoksha (Tib.: soso tharpa; so so thar pa). Buddhist disciplinary vows for monastics found in the vinaya. See also vinaya; Tripitaka. | Pratimoksha（藏：soso tharpa；so so thar pa），別解脫戒，佛教律儀裡的出家戒。請參見Vinaya（律）、Tripitaka（三藏）。 | |
| 205 | pratyekabuddha (Skt.). Solitary realizer. A term for a person who has realized one-and-a-half-fold egolessness (egolessness of self and a partial realization of the egolessness of phenomena) due to insight into dependent arising, without relying on a teacher. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Yanas (chapter 7) and Two Types of Pratyekabuddhas (chapter 62). | Pratyekabuddha（梵），獨覺、緣覺，形容一個修行者在沒有依止上師的情況下，因為洞見緣起而了證人無我，以及部分了證法無我。參見第7章「道路、車乘和旅人」。 | |
| 206 | pratyekabuddhayana (Skt.). The path of the “solitary realizer” of the hinayana. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Yanas (chapter 7). | Pratyekabuddhayana（梵），緣覺佛乘，小乘的「獨覺」道路。參見第7章「道路、車乘和旅人」。 | |
| 207 | pure land of Amitabha (Skt.: Sukhavati). “The blissful.” The western buddha field reigned over by Amitabha, the buddha of boundless light. One can be reborn there and lead a blissful life. A state of mind in which teachings flourish; a place where the practice of buddhadharma comes naturally and easily. | Pure land of Amitabha（梵：Sukhavati），阿彌陀佛淨土、極樂淨土、無量光佛阿彌陀佛教化的西方佛土。修行者可以投生此一淨土，過著充滿聖樂的生活。它也表示可容法教於其中盛放的心的狀態，一個可以自然且輕易地修持佛法的處所。 | |
| 208 | raptu jepa (Tib.: rab tu ’byed pa). Fully able to separate. Second category of vipashyana. See also appendix 3, under Four Categories of Vipashyana (chapter 47). | Raptu jepa（藏：rab tu ’byed pa，惹度傑巴），最極揀擇，四種毘婆奢那的第二種。參見第47章「探究禪修覺受的精微」。 | |
| 209 | refuge vow. The vow marking one’s formal entry into the Buddhist path, and one’s commitment to the Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha. | Refuge vow 皈依戒。在領受皈依戒之後，即正式進入佛教道路，並且立誓從佛、法、僧得到救護。 | |
| 210 | rikpa (Tib.: rig pa). Insight; awareness; intelligence. | Rikpa（藏：rig pa），明覺、覺知、本覺。 | |
| 211 | rikpa denpa (Tib.: rig pa ldan pa). Learned one; an epithet for the Buddha. | Rikpa denpa（藏：rig pa ldan pa），佛名號「明行足」前半的「具明」。 | |
| 212 | rikpa trungpo (Tib.: rig pa grung po). One who has a clever mind. | Rikpa trungpo（藏 rig pa grung po），智力、心力聰敏者。 | |
| 213 | rikpa tsölwa (Tib.: rig pa ’tshol ba). The discovery of insight, the sixth discovery of vipasyhana. See also appendix 3, under The Six Discoveries (chapter 48). | Rikpa tsölwa（藏：rig pa ’tshol ba，日巴措瓦），尋思於理（辨析知識或洞見），毘婆奢那六種尋思（六事差別所緣）的最後一種。參見第48章「讓感知更為敏銳」。 | |
| 214 | rikpar shukpa (Tib.: rig pa zhugs pa). Entering with wakefulness; a quality of the sangha. | Rikpar shukpa（藏：rig pa zhugs pa），帶著覺醒而進入，僧伽的功德之一。 | 應理行 |
| 215 | rinpoche (Tib.: rin po che). Precious one; synonym for jewel. An honorific title for a teacher, particularly an incarnate lama, or tülku. | Rinpoche（藏：rin po che），仁波切、珍貴者，珍寶的同義字。對上師，尤其是對轉世上師或祖古的尊稱。 | |
| 216 | ritröpa (Tib.: ri khrod pa). Among mountains; a term for hermit. | Ritröpa（藏：ri khrod pa），在山間，用來稱呼隱士。 | |
| 217 | ro-nyam (Tib.: ro mnyam). Equal taste. Second of the three stages of vipashyana. See also appendix 3, under Three Stages of Vipashyana (chapter 46). | Ro-nyam（藏：ro mnyam，若釀），平等一味。毘婆奢那三次第的第二次第。參見第46章「瞥見空性」。 | |
| 218 | roshi (Jpn.). Elder / teacher. | Roshi（日），長者、導師。 | |
| 219 | saddharma (Tib.: tam-pe chö; dam pa’i chos). True dharma; truth or suchness. | Saddharma（藏：tam-pe ch；dam pa'i chos），妙法、正法、真實之法，真諦或真如。 | |
| 220 | sak-che tham-che dug-ngalwa (Tib.: zag bcas thams cad sdug bsngal ba). The continuing wretchedness of all experience contaminated by the kleshas. As the second of the four marks of existence, the ongoing suffering resulting from the futility of creating anything permanent. | Sak-che tham-che dug-ngalwa（藏：zag bcas thams cad sdug bsngal ba），有漏皆苦，因為受到煩惱的染污而持續不斷地感受悲苦。持續不斷的痛苦是四法印的第二法印，它源自眾生徒勞無益地造作恆常的事物。 | |
| 221 | samadhi (Skt.; Tib.: tingdzin; ting ’dzin). One-pointed meditative concentration; absorption. | Samadhi（梵；藏：tingdzin；ting 'dzin），三摩地、專注一境的禪定、定。 | |
| 222 | sambhogakaya (Skt.; Tib.: longku; longs sku). Enjoyment body. See also kayas, three. | Sambhogakaya（梵；藏：longku；longs sku），報身或樂受身。參見kayas,three（身，三身）。 | |
| 223 | sambuddha (Skt.). Completely pure, perfect Buddha. | Sambuddha（梵），正淨圓滿佛。 | |
| 224 | sampa (Tib.: bsam pa). Contemplation. See also appendix 3, under The Three Ways of Learning (chapter 63). | Sampa（藏：bsam pa，桑巴），思。參見第63章「小資糧道」。 | |
| 225 | samsara (Skt.). Cyclic existence; the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death that arises from ordinary beings’ grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. All states of consciousness in the six realms, including the god realms, are bound by this process. Samsara arises out of ignorance and is characterized by suffering. See also appendix 3, under Three Categories of Samsara (chapter 56). | Samsara（梵），輪迴。因為凡俗眾生執著於自我和各種感受而產生的持續重複的生死循環。在包括天道在內的輪迴六道當中，一切識的狀態都受到此一過程的束縛。輪迴從無明生起，並且以苦為其特徵。參見第56章「覺醒和盛放」。 | |
| 226 | samskara (Skt.; Tib.: du-je; ’du byed). Formation; concept. The fourth of the five skandhas; also, the second of the twelve nidanas, represented by a potter’s wheel. Fifty-one samskaras, or mental events, are included within the fourth skandha. | Samskara（梵；藏：du-je；'du byed），行、形成、有為、概念。五蘊的第四蘊；十二緣起的第二緣起，以製陶用的轆轤為代表。第四蘊行蘊包含了51心所法。 | |
| 227 | samten (Tib.: bsam gtan; Skt.: dhyana). Meditative stabilization, concentration. | Samten（藏：bsam gtan；梵： dhyana），禪定、定。 | |
| 228 | samudaya (Skt.). Giving birth to suffering, the natural instinctive yearning toward pain. See also künjung. | Samudaya（梵），集、生起痛苦，對痛苦的本然直覺渴望。 | |
| 229 | samvara (Skt.; Tib.: dompa; sdom pa). “Binding.” Bound to the discipline and to practice. See also dompa. | Samvara（梵；藏：dompa；sdom pa），三跋羅、律儀、約束。必須持守戒律和從事修行的約束。參見Dompa。 | |
| 230 | samyaksambuddha (Skt.; Tib.: yangdakpar dzok-pe sang-gye; yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas). Fully and completely awakened; an epithet of the Buddha. | Samyaksambuddha（梵；藏：yangdakpar dzok-pe sang-gye；yang dag par rdzogs pa'i sangs rgyas），正等正覺、圓滿佛，佛陀的名號。 | |
| 231 | sang-gye (Tib.: sangs rgyas). See buddha. | Sang-gye（藏：sangs rgyas），參見Buddha（佛）。 | |
| 232 | sangha (Skt.). Community. The third of the three jewels of refuge. In the hinayana, sangha refers specifically to Buddhist monks and nuns. In the mahayana, the sangha also includes lay practitioners. As an object of refuge, “noble sangha” may refer to the assembly of bodhisattvas and arhats, those who have attained realization. | Sangha（梵），僧伽、社群。皈依三寶的第三皈依。在小乘當中，僧伽尤其是指佛教僧尼。在大乘，僧伽也包括在家修行者。在做為皈依境方面，「聖僧伽」指已經了證的菩薩和阿羅漢聖眾。 | |
| 233 | Satipatthana Sutra (Pali). Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness. Originally in the Pali canon, this sutra is found in various forms in most major Buddhist schools. | Satipatthana Sutra（巴利），《念處經》，關於正念基礎的論述。它原本出自巴利文大藏經，但後來各大佛教學派都出現各種形式的《念處經》。 | |
| 234 | selwa (Tib.: gsal ba). Clear; clarity. One of the three fundamental nyams (temporary experiences). See also appendix 3, under Three Fundamental Nyams (chapter 42). | Selwa（藏：gsal ba，瑟瓦），明、明亮、清明；三種根本的短暫覺受之一。參見第42章「心念處」。 | |
| 235 | sem (Tib.: sems). Mind. | Sem（藏：sems），心。 | |
| 236 | sem jokpa (Tib.: sems ’jog pa). Placement; resting the mind. First of the nine stages of shamatha. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Techniques of Shamatha Practice (chapter 31). | Sem jokpa（藏：sems 'jog pa），安置、使心安住。傳統稱「九住心」第一階段「內住」，這是奢摩他九次第的第一次第。參見第31章「修持奢摩他的九種技巧」。 | |
| 237 | semjung (Tib.: sems byung). The fifty-one mental events. See also samskara. | Semjung（藏：sems byung，森炯），五十一心所法。 | |
| 238 | serna (Tib.: ser sna). Miserliness; avarice. See also appendix 3, under The Six Root Kleshas (chapter 55). | 慳（吝嗇） | |
| 239 | setting sun. An expression coined by Chögyam Trungpa and used in the Shambhala teachings. It is any attitude, thought, or action that leads one to degraded behavior. | Setting sun 落日。邱陽．創巴仁波切所創造，用於香巴拉法教的辭彙，藉以形容任何會導致人們產生墮落舉止的態度、念頭和行為。 | |
| 240 | shadayatana (Skt.). The six sense faculties; fifth of the twelve nidanas, represented by the six-windowed house. See also appendix 3, under The Twelve Nidanas (chapter 9). | Shadayatana（梵），六根、六入、六種感官，十二緣起的第五緣起，以一幢有六個窗戶的房屋為代表。參見第9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 241 | shamatha (Skt.; Tib.: shi-ne; zhi gnas). Peaceful abiding. Mindfulness practice. The practice of taming and stabilizing the mind. The central practice of the hinayana path and a key component of the practice tradition throughout all three yanas. | Shamatha（梵；藏： shi-ne；zhi gnas），奢摩他、止禪、寧靜安住，正念的修行（mindfulness practice）。奢摩他是調伏和穩定心的修行，小乘道路的核心修行法門，也是所有三乘修行傳統的關鍵要素。 | |
| 242 | shamatha-vipashyana (Skt.). The union of mindfulness and awareness, in which the concentration, stillness, and precision of shamatha is in harmonious balance with the expansiveness, inquisitiveness, and clarity of awareness practice. | Shamatha-vipashyana（梵），止觀雙運，正念和覺知雙運；在此一雙運之中，奢摩他的專注、止寂和精準，與毘婆奢那（勝觀、內觀的修行）的廣袤、探究和明晰達到和諧的平衡。 | |
| 243 | Shambhala vision. A reference to Trungpa Rinpoche’s teachings on the sacred path of the warrior and the creation of enlightened society. Shambhala teachings are closely connected with the Buddhist meditative tradition, but have a more secular and societal focus. For more on this tradition, see Shambhala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior, by Chögyam Trungpa (Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2007). | Shambhala vision 香巴拉視見。此一視見是指創巴仁波切的法教——勇士的聖道和創造覺醒證悟的社會。香巴拉法教和佛教的禪修傳統關係密切，但前者更為關注世俗和社會。若想更加了解香巴拉傳統，參見創巴仁波切的著作《香巴拉：勇士之聖道》（Shambhala: The Sacred Path of the Warrior）。 | |
| 244 | shapsu denpa (Tib.: zhabs su ldan pa). One who is able to walk on the path; an epithet of the Buddha. | Shapsu denpa（藏：zhabs su ldan pa），能夠行走於道上者（明行足的「行足」），佛陀的名號之一。 | |
| 245 | shastra (Skt.). Commentary on the Buddha’s teachings written by students of the Buddha and by scholars and practitioners of Buddhism. | Shastra（梵），論。由佛陀的弟子、佛教修行者和學者針對佛陀的法教所寫的論著。 | |
| 246 | shedang (Tib.: zhe sdang). Aggression / anger; a klesha. See also appendix 3, under The Six Root Kleshas (chapter 55). | 瞋（六根本煩惱之一） | |
| 247 | shepa (Tib.: shes pa). Consciousness. | Shepa（藏： shes pa），識。 | |
| 248 | sherap (Tib.: shes rap; Skt.: prajna). Knowledge. | Sherap（藏：shes rap；梵： prajna），智慧、知識。 | |
| 249 | sheshin (Tib.: shes bzhin). Presently knowing; awareness; literally, “knowing just as it is.” | Sheshin（藏：shes bzhin），正知、覺知。就字面意義而言，它是指「如實（如是）地了知」。 | |
| 250 | shikantaza (Jpn.). Formless Zen meditation practice with no technique, just sitting. A state of alert attention free from thoughts that is considered to be the purest form of practice. | Shikantaza（日），「只管打坐」，一種沒有形式的禪宗禪修，沒有技巧，只管打坐。它是一種警覺觀照的狀態，離於念頭，被認為是最純粹的修行形式。 | |
| 251 | shila (Skt.; Tib.: tsültrim; tshul khrims). Discipline; noble character, morality or good conduct. See also appendix 3, under Contents of All Saddharma (chapter 4); Three Key Principles of Hinayana Understanding (chapter 3). | Shila（梵；藏：tsultrim；tshul khrims），戒、高尚的性格、品行道德或善行。參見第 4章「接受真正的法」和第 3章「別解脫道」。 | |
| 252 | shi-ne (Tib.: zhi gnas; Skt.: shamatha). Peaceful abiding. Mindfulness practice. The practice of taming and stabilizing the mind. | Shi-ne（藏：zhi gnas；梵 shamatha），止禪，寧靜安住。正念的修行，調伏和穩定心的修行法門。 | |
| 253 | shinjang (Tib.: shin sbyang). Thoroughly processed or trained through meditation practice. Refers to the flexibility and serviceability of the mind to focus on whatever object of meditation is chosen. It is an overall state of well-being and ease, and is the result of shamatha practice. | Shinjang（藏：shin sbyang），輕安，心經由禪修而受到澈底地調伏，變得靈活可用，能夠專注於它所選擇的任何禪修對境。它是安樂和輕安的整體狀態，也是修持奢摩他的成果。 | |
| 254 | shiwa (Tib.: zhi ba). Peace. | Shiwa（藏：zhi ba），寂靜。 | |
| 255 | shiwar chepa (Tib.: zhi bar byed pa). Pacifying. Sixth of the nine stages of shamatha. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Techniques of Shamatha Practice (chapter 31). | Shiwar chepa（藏：zhi bar byed pa），息、平息，傳統稱「九住心」第六階段「寂靜」，奢摩他九次第的第六次第。參見第31章「安住於奢摩他」。 | |
| 256 | shramanera / shramanerika (f ) (Skt.; Tib.: getsül / getsülma; dge tshul / dge tshul ma). Novice monk / nun who has taken the ten basic monastic vows. shravaka. One who hears, a practitioner of the shravakayana. | Shramanera/shramanerika（梵；藏：getsül/getsülma；dge tshul/dgetshul ma），已經領受基本出家戒的沙彌和沙彌尼。 | |
| 257 | shravaka. One who hears, a practitioner of the shravakayana. | Shravaka 聲聞，聲聞乘的修行者。 | |
| 258 | shravakayana (Skt.; Tib.: nyenthö; nyan thos). The path of the “hearer” of the hinayana. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Yanas (chapter 7). | Shravakayana（梵；藏：nyenth；nyan thos），聲聞乘，小乘聲聞者的道路。參見第7章「道路、車乘和旅人」。 | |
| 259 | shunya (Skt.). Empty. See also shunyata. | Shunya（梵），空。請參見shunyata（空性）。 | |
| 260 | shunyata (Skt.). Emptiness. A completely open and unbounded clarity of mind characterized by groundlessness and freedom from all conceptual frame-works. Emptiness does not mean voidness or blankness, but an openness that is inseparable from compassion and all other awakened qualities. | Shunyata（梵），空性。心全然開放且無限明晰，無住性（groundlessness）和離於一切想是其特徵。空性不意味空無或空白，而是一種無別於悲心和所有其他覺醒特質的開放。 | |
| 261 | six realms. Realms of samsaric existence. The three lower realms of hell beings, hungry ghosts, and animals; and the three higher realms of humans, jealous gods, and gods. See also appendix 3, under The Inner Ring: The Six Realms (chapter 9). | Six realms 六道，輪迴六道。在六道中，下三道是地獄道、餓鬼道和畜生道；上三道是人道、阿修羅道和天道。參見第9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 262 | skandha (Skt.; Tib.: phungpo; phung po). Heap or basket; aggregate. The five skandhas describe the aggregates or collection of phenomena that we take to be a self. The five aggregates are form, feeling, perception / impulse, concept / formation, and consciousness. See also in appendix 3, under The Development of Set Patterns (chapter 54); The Five Skandhas (chapter 2); The Four Maras (chapter 13); and Two Types of Alaya (chapter 37). | Skandha（梵; 藏：phungpo; phung po，彭波），堆或籃，蘊。五蘊是現象（法）的積聚，而我們卻把五蘊視為自我。五蘊分別是色蘊、受蘊、想蘊、行蘊和識蘊。參見第54章「固定模式的發展」，以及本書上冊《沒事，我有定心丸》的第2章「自我的冰涷空間」、第13章「佛：覺醒證悟的人」、第37章「重新發現你的心」。 | |
| 263 | skandha-mara (Skt.). Solidifying the belief in the five skandhas, or components of ego. The third of the four maras. See also appendix 3, under The Four Maras (chapter 13). | Skandha-mara（梵），蘊魔，即把自己對五蘊或自我組成成分的信念具體堅實化。蘊魔為四魔的第三種魔。參見第 13章「佛：覺醒證悟的人」。 | |
| 264 | sönam kyi palgyi shing (Tib.: bsod nams kyi dpal gyi zhing). Glorious field of merit; a quality of sangha. | Sönam kyi palgyi shing（藏：bsod nams kyi dpal gyi zhing），吉祥功德田，僧伽的功德之一。 | 清淨功德 |
| 265 | soso tharpa (Tib.: so so thar pa; Skt.: pratimoksha). Individual liberation. A practitioner of this path is called a “soso-tharpist.” | Soso tharpa（藏：so so thar pa；梵：pratimoksha），別解脫。在別解脫道上的修行者被稱為別解脫行者（soso-tharpist）。 | |
| 266 | sparsha (Skt.). Contact; sixth of the twelve nidanas, represented by the married couple. See also appendix 3, under The Twelve Nidanas (chapter 9). | Sparsha（梵），觸。十二緣起之第六緣起。以結婚的夫婦為代表。參見第 9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 267 | sthavira (Skt.; Pali: thera). Elder. | Sthavira（梵；巴利： thera），長者。 | |
| 268 | stream winner. One who has entered the realm of discipline that leads to awakening. | Stream winner 入流，指已經進入通往覺醒之戒律範疇的修行者。 | |
| 269 | sugata (Skt.; Tib.: dewar shekpa; bde bar gsheg pa). One who has gone beyond with joy; a buddha. | Sugata（梵；藏：dewar shekpa；bde bar gsheg pa），善逝，已經懷著喜悅而超越者，佛。 | |
| 270 | Sukhavati. See pure land of Amitabha. | Sukhavati 極樂淨土。 | |
| 271 | sura-maireya-madyapana-viratih-shikshapadam samadiyami (Skt.). The vow to refrain from taking intoxicants; fifth of the five precepts. See also appendix 3, under The Five Precepts (chapter 21). | Sura-maireya-madyapana-viratih-shikshapadam samadiyami（梵），避免飲酒的誓戒，五戒的第五戒。參見第21章「避免傷害」。 | |
| 272 | sutra (Skt.; Tib.: do; mdo). Thread, string, cord. Sutras are hinayana and mahayana texts in the Buddhist canon that are attributed to the Buddha. Sutra means a meeting point or junction, referring to the meeting of the Buddha’s enlightenment and the student’s understanding. A sutra is usually a dialogue between the Buddha and one or more of his disciples, thus elaborating a particular topic of dharma. | Sutra（梵；藏：do；mdo），經、線、繩。在佛教大藏經裡，經是小乘和大乘的佛經。「經」這個字的意思是交會點，指佛陀的覺醒證悟和弟子的理解思維有所交會。一部佛經通常是佛陀與一位或多位的弟子所進行的對話，進而闡述法的特定主題。 | |
| 273 | Sutra of the Recollection of the Noble Three Jewels (Skt.: Arya-ratnatraya-usmriti sutra). A sutra on the qualities of the Buddha, dharma, and sangha studied in many schools of Tibetan Buddhism. | Sutra of the Recollection of the Noble Three Jewels（梵：Arya-ratnatraya-anusmriti sutra），《隨念三寶經》是一部談論佛、法、僧功德的佛經，藏傳佛教諸多學派都研習此經。 | |
| 274 | tagjor (Tib.: rtag sbyor). Continuity of practice. | Tagjor（藏：rtag sbyor），修行的持續性。 | |
| 275 | Tag-ngu (Tib.: rtag ngu; Skt.: Sadaprarudita). The bodhisattva who cries continually. | Tag-ngu（藏：rtag ngu；梵 Sadaprarudita），常啼菩薩。 | |
| 276 | tang-nyom (Tib.: btang snyoms). Equanimity, equilibrium. Evenness and a lack of bias toward any and all phenomena. | Tang-nyom（藏：btang snyoms），平等捨，平等且無偏見地看待一切現象。 | |
| 277 | tantrayana (Skt.). Also referred to as tantra. A term often used as a synonym for vajrayana, the third of the three yanas or vehicles. Tantra means continuity, and refers both to the root texts of the vajrayana and to the systems of meditation they describe. | Tantrayana（梵），密乘，也被指稱為續、本續或密續；它常常被用來當做金剛乘的同義字，是三乘的第三乘。續（tantra）這個字有相續之意，也指金剛乘之本續和金剛乘的禪修體系。 | |
| 278 | tathagata (Skt.; Tib.: teshin shekpa; de bzhin gshegs pa). Thus come or thus gone; an epithet for the Buddha. | Tathagata（梵；藏：teshin shekpa；de bzhin gshegs pa），如來，佛陀的名號。 | |
| 279 | tathagatagarbha (Skt.; Tib.: teshek nyingpo; de gshegs snying po). Buddha nature; the intrinsic state of wakefulness inherent in all human beings. | Tathagatagarbha（梵；藏：teshek nyingpo；de gshegs snying po），如來藏、佛性，所有人類本具的覺醒狀態。 | |
| 280 | ten evil acts. Acts of unmeritorious karma arising from aggression. See also appendix 3, under Unmeritorious Karma (chapter 55). | Ten evil acts 十惡行，從瞋而生起的不善業行。參見第55章「永無止境地重新製造的痛苦」。 | |
| 281 | ten meritorious deeds. Acts that are meritorious, but still perpetuate karma. The reverse of the ten evil acts. See also appendix 3, under Meritorious Karma (chapter 55). | Ten meritorious deeds 十善行。善的行為，但即便是善行，仍然會使業持續下去。十惡行的相反。參見第55章「永無止境地重新製造的痛苦」。 | |
| 282 | tepa (Tib.: dad pa). Faith, conviction; feeling steady and confident in the path, and knowing what to cultivate and what to avoid. | Tepa（藏：dad pa），信心、信念。在道上，感覺穩定和充滿信心，並且知道如何取捨。 | |
| 283 | teshin mikpa (Tib.: de bzhin dmigs pa). Seeing things as they are; mahavipa-shyana experience. Third of the three stages of vipashyana. See also appendix 3, under Three Stages of Vipashyana (chapter 46). | Teshin mikpa（藏：de bzhin dmigs pa，德欣米巴），如實看待事物；大觀的覺受。毘婆奢那三次第的第三次第。參見第46章「瞥見空性」。 | |
| 284 | teshin shekpa (Tib.: de bzhin gshegs pa; Skt.: tathagata). Thus come or thus gone; an epithet for the Buddha. | Teshin shekpa（藏：de bzhin gshegs pa；梵 tathagata），如來，佛陀的名號。 | |
| 285 | thalmo jar-we ösu kyurpa (Tib.: thal mo sbyar ba’i ’os su gyur pa). Worthy of veneration with joined palms. | Thalmo jar-we ösu kyurpa（藏：thal mo sbyar ba'i 'os su gyur pa），所應禮敬、值得合十崇敬。 | 所應合掌 |
| 286 | tharpa (Tib.: thar pa; Skt.: moksha). Liberation or salvation. | Tharpa（藏：thar pa；梵：moksha），解脫或救度。 | |
| 287 | thekchung (Tib.: theg chung; Skt.: hinayana). Lesser or smaller vehicle. A more standard Tibetan term for the hinayana is thegman (theg dman). | Thekchung（藏：theg chung；梵：hinayana），小乘。在藏文裡，thegman（theg dman）是指稱小乘的更標準用語。 | |
| 288 | thonglam (Tib.: mthong lam). Path of seeing. Third of the five paths. See also appendix 3, under The Five Paths (chapter 60). | Thonglam（藏：mthong lam，通朗），見道，五道的第三道。參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 289 | thöpa (Tib.: thos pa). Hearing. See also appendix 3, under The Three Ways of Learning (chapter 63). | Thöpa（藏：thos pa，拓巴），聞。參見第63章「小資糧道」。 | |
| 290 | three gates. Gates that make it possible to enter into discipline: body, speech, and mind. | Three gates 三門。身、語、意三門使修行者得以進入持戒。 | |
| 291 | three jewels. The Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha. Also called the “triple gem.” | Three jewels 三寶，佛、法、僧三寶。 | |
| 292 | three marks. Three qualities of samsaric existence: suffering, impermanence, and egolessness. | Three marks 三法印或三相，輪迴的三種特質：苦、無常和無我。 | |
| 293 | three worlds. The world of desire, the world of form, and the formless world. The world of desire includes all six realms, with the exception of a portion of the god realm. The form and formless worlds are progressively more subtle forms of god realm. See also six realms. | Three worlds 三界。欲界、色界和無色界。除了部分的天道之外，欲界包括輪迴六道。色界和無色界是越來越細微的天道形式。請參見 six realms（六道）。 | |
| 294 | threefold logic. A way of studying the teachings by analyzing material in terms of ground, path, and fruition. See also appendix 2. | Threefold logic 三重因明，藉由分析基、道、果而研習法教的方式。參見附錄二。 | |
| 295 | thünpar shukpa (Tib.: mthun par zhugs pa). Entering harmoniously; a quality of the sangha. | Thünpar shukpa（藏：mthun par zhugs pa），和敬行、和諧地進入、僧伽的功德之一。 | |
| 296 | timuk (Tib.: gti mug; Skt.: moha). Bewilderment; emotional dullness; ignorance. One of six root kleshas. Not to be confused with fundamental ignorance, or avidya. See also appendix 3, under The Six Root Kleshas (chapter 55). | Timuk（藏：gti mug，提木克 ;梵：moha），癡，迷亂顛倒；情緒暗昧；無明。六種根本煩惱之一。切勿與根本無明（梵：avidya）混淆。參見第55章「永無止境地重新製造的痛苦」。 | |
| 297 | tingdzin (Tib.: ting ’dzin; Skt.: samadhi). One-pointed meditation; a state of consciousness where mental activity ceases; total absorption in the object of meditation. See also samadhi. | Tingdzin（藏：ting 'dzin；梵：samadhi），三摩地，專注一境的禪修，心的活動止息的心識狀態，完全融攝入禪修對境。參見Samadhi。 | |
| 298 | tokpa (Tib.: rtog pa). Understanding. See also eightfold path. | Tokpa（藏：rtog pa），念頭、思維。參見 Eightfold path（八正道）。 | |
| 299 | tön tsölwa (Tib.: don ’tshol ba). Discovering the meaning of the words. First of the six discoveries of vipashyana. See also appendix 3, under The Six Discoveries (chapter 48). | Tön tsölwa（藏：don ’tshol ba，通措瓦），尋思於義（辨析文字的意義）。毘婆奢那六種尋思（六事差別所緣）的第一種。 | |
| 300 | töndam (Tib.: don dam). Absolute truth; ultimate nature; superior understanding. Contrasted with relative truth, or kündzop, in the teaching of the “two truths.” See also kündzop. | Töndam（藏：don dam，通當），勝義諦；究竟本質；優越的思維。相反於二諦法教裡的世俗諦（藏：kündzop，昆佐）。 | |
| 301 | torma (Tib.: gtor ma). Ritual barley cake used in vajrayana feast practice. | Torma（藏：gtor ma），食子。修持金剛乘薈供時所使用的青稞餅。 | |
| 302 | tragdok (Tib.: phrag dog). Envy, jealousy. See also appendix 3, under The Six Root Kleshas (chapter 55). | 嫉（六根本煩惱之一） | |
| 303 | trangpor shukpa (Tib.: drang por zhugs pa). Entering straightforwardly; a quality of the sangha. | Trangpor shukpa（藏 drang por zhugs pa），質直行、直接進入、僧伽的功德之一。 | |
| 304 | trenpa (Tib.: dran pa; Skt.: smriti). Mindfulness, recollection. The third of the four legs of miracle. See also appendix 3, under The Four Legs of Miracle (chapter 65). | Trenpa（藏：dran pa，簡巴; 梵：smriti），念，憶念，四神足的第三神足心神足。參見第65章「大資糧道」。 | |
| 305 | tren-she (Tib.: dran shes). Recollection and knowing; mindfulness and awareness. The union of trenpa and sheshin. See also sheshin; trenpa. | Tren-she（藏：dran shes），正念和正知，正念和覺知，憶念和覺知的雙運。參見Sheshin正知、覺知和Trenpa。 | |
| 306 | Tripitaka (Skt.). “Three Baskets.” The canon of Buddhist scriptures, consisting of three parts: the Vinaya-pitaka, the Sutra-pitaka, and the Abhidharma-pitaka. The first “basket” (Vinaya-pitaka) contains accounts of the origins of the Buddhist sangha as well as the rules of discipline regulating the lives of monks and nuns. The second (Sutra-pitaka) is composed of Buddha’s general discourses and in particular those that focus on meditation. The third (Abhidharma-pitaka) is a compendium of Buddhist psychology and philosophy. | Tripitaka（梵），三籃、佛教三藏，由律藏、經藏和論藏三部分所組成。第一籃「律藏」（Vinaya-pitaka）記述了佛教僧伽的起源，以及規定僧眾和尼眾生活的戒律。第二籃「經藏」（Sutra-pitaka）由佛陀一般的開示，以及特別針對禪修所做的論說而組成。第三籃「論藏」（Abhidharma-pitaka）是佛教心理學和哲學的概要。 | |
| 307 | triratna (Skt.). Three jewels: Buddha, dharma, sangha. | Triratna（梵），三寶，佛、法、僧三寶。 | |
| 308 | trishna (Skt.). Craving; the eighth of the twelve nidanas, represented by milk and honey. See also appendix 3, under The Twelve Nidanas (chapter 9). | Trishna（梵），愛、貪愛；十二緣起的第八緣起支，以牛乳和蜂蜜為代表。參見第9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 309 | trö (Tib.: drod; Skt.: ushman). Heat; an increasing degree of realization. One of the four types of discrimination. See also appendix 3, page 571, under Four Types of Discrimination. | Trö（藏：drod，搓; 梵：ushman），熱，煖；日益增加的證量。它是順抉擇分之次第一。參見第66章「加行道」。 | |
| 310 | tsang-pe thekpa (Tib.: tshangs pa’i theg pa; Skt.: brahmayana). Complete or pure vehicle; binding with discipline. | Tsang-pe thekpa（藏：tshangs pa'i theg pa；梵：brahmayana），梵乘、圓滿清淨之乘；必須遵守持戒的約束。 | |
| 311 | tsechik tu chepa (Tib.: rtse gcig tu byed pa). One-pointedness. Eighth of the nine stages of shamatha. See also appendix 3, under The Nine Techniques of Shamatha Practice (chapter 31). | Tsechik tu chepa（藏：rtse gcig tu byed pa），專注一境；傳統稱奢摩他九次第的第八次第。參見第31章「安住於奢摩他」。 | |
| 312 | tsemo (Tib.: rtse mo). Peak. One of the four types of discrimination. See also appendix 3, under Four Types of Discrimination (chapter 66). | Tsemo（藏：rtse mo，策嫫），頂；順抉擇分的次第之一。參見第66章「加行道」。 | |
| 313 | tsen-nyi tsölwa (Tib.: mtshan nyid ’tshol ba). Discovery of nature: refers to how things are categorized according to their own individual existence. Third of the six discoveries of vipashyana. See also appendix 3, under The Six Discoveries (chapter 48). | Tsen-nyi tsölwa（藏：mtshan nyid ’tshol ba，森尼措瓦），尋思於相（辨析感知的本質）；事物如何根據其本身的存在而被分類。毘婆奢那六種尋思（六事差別所緣）的第三種。參見第48章「讓感知更為敏銳」。 | |
| 314 | tsoglam (Tib.: tshogs lam). Path of accumulation. See also appendix 3, under The Five Paths (chapter 60). | Tsoglam（藏：tshogs lam，措朗），資糧道（path of accumulation）。請參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 315 | tsölwa (Tib.: rtsol wa). Effort. | Tsölwa（藏：rtsol wa），精進。 | |
| 316 | tsöndrü (Tib.: brtson ’grus; Skt.: virya). Exertion. The second of the four legs of miracle. See also appendix 3, under The Four Legs of Miracle (chapter 65). | Tsondrü（藏：brtson ’grus，聰竹; 梵：virya，毘梨耶），精進，四神足的第二神足勤神足。參見第65章「大資糧道」。 | |
| 317 | tsowa (Tib.: ’tsho ba). Survival, sustenance, livelihood. See also appendix 3, under The Four Foundations of Mindfulness (chapter 39) and The Noble Eightfold Path (chapter 60). | Tsowa（藏：’tsho ba，措瓦），生存、維生、生計。參見第39章「身念處」和第60章「五道」。 | |
| 318 | tsültrim (Tib.: tshul khrims; Skt.: shila). Discipline; proper conduct. | Tsültrim（藏：tshul khrims；梵： shila），戒律，適當的行止。 | |
| 319 | tü tsölwa (Tib.: dus ’tshol ba). Discovering time; not being confused by time. Fifth of the six discoveries of vipashyana. See also appendix 3, under The Six Discoveries (chapter 48). | Tön tsölwa（藏：don ’tshol ba，通措瓦），尋思於時（辨析時間）；不因為時間而迷惑。毘婆奢那六種尋思（六事差別所緣）的第五種。參見第48章「讓感知更為敏銳」 | |
| 320 | tüdro (Tib.: dud ’gro). Animal; literally, “to walk bent over.” | Tüdro（藏：dud 'gro），畜生，其字面意義是「身體彎著走路」。 | |
| 321 | tülshuk (Tib.: brtul zhugs). Yogic discipline. | 禁戒行 | |
| 322 | twofold ego. The ego of self, or individuality, and the ego of phenomena, or dharmas. | Twofold ego 二執，即「我執」和「法執」。 | |
| 323 | upadana (Skt.). Grasping; the ninth of the twelve nidanas, represented by gathering fruit. See also appendix 3, under The Twelve Nidanas (chapter 9). | Upadana（梵），取、執著，十二緣起的第九緣起，以採集果實為代表。參見第9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 324 | upadhyaya (Skt.; Tib.: khenpo; mkhan po). Preceptor or elder. | Upadhyaya（梵；藏：khenpo；mkhan po），堪布、戒師或長者。 | |
| 325 | upasaka / upasika (f ) (Skt.). Those who have taken the refuge vow; those who practice virtue. See also genyen. | Upasaka/upasika（梵），優婆塞、優婆夷，已領受皈依戒者，行善德者。請參見Genyen。 | |
| 326 | upaya (Skt.; Tib.: thap; thabs). Method or skillful means. | Upaya（梵；藏：thap；thabs），善巧方便。 | |
| 327 | uttara (Skt.; Tib.: lama; bla ma). What is above, upper; superior. | Uttara（梵；藏：lama；bla ma），上者、最上者。 | |
| 328 | vajra (Skt.; Tib.: dorje; rdo rje). Ritual scepter, used in tantric practice. The term vajra means “indestructible,” or “adamantine.” According to Indian mythology, the vajra was the scepter of Indra, the king of the gods. It was such a powerful weapon that it could destroy anything, and having once destroyed, it would return to his hand. This weapon was indestructible because it could not in any way be cracked, bent, or destroyed. | Vajra（梵；藏：dorje； rdo rje），金剛杵，密續修法時使用的法器。「金剛」這個字意指「無可摧毀」或「極為堅硬」。根據印度神話學，金剛是眾神之王帝釋天的權杖。它是一個力量極為強大的武器，足以摧毀一切，而且一旦摧毀之後，它就會自動回到帝釋天的手上。這個武器無可摧毀，因為它無法被打裂、彎折或毀壞。 | |
| 329 | vajracharya (Skt.). Holder of the vajra. An empowered teacher. | Vajracharya（梵），金剛持，獲得授權的上師。 | 金剛阿闍梨（梵語：vajra-ācārya） |
| 330 | vajrayana (Skt.; Tib.: dorje thekpa; rdo rje theg pa). The indestructible or adamantine vehicle. Also referred to as tantra or tantrayana. The third of the three stages of the path (hinayana, mahayana, and vajrayana). | Vajrayana（梵；藏：dorje thekpa；rdo rje theg pa），金剛乘或無可摧毀之乘。它也被稱為密續或密續乘。小乘、大乘、金剛乘三乘的第三乘。 | |
| 331 | vedana (Skt.). Feeling; seventh of the twelve nidanas, represented by the arrow through the eye. See also appendix 3, under The Twelve Nidanas (chapter 9). | Vedana（梵），受，十二緣起的第七緣起支，以穿過眼睛之箭為代表。參見第9章「輪迴的痛苦實相」。 | |
| 332 | vidya (Tib.: rikpa; rig pa). Knowledge. | Vidya（藏：rikpa；rig pa），明。 | |
| 333 | vidyadhara. Knowledge holder. An honorific title for Chögyam Trungpa, who in the latter years of his teaching was referred to as “the Vidyadhara.” In earlier years, he was referred to as “the Vajracharya.” | Vidyadhara 持明，意指依密續修持而得成就者；對創巴仁波切的尊稱。在他後來幾年傳授的法教裡，他被稱為「持明」。在早年傳授的法教裡，他被稱為「金剛阿闍黎」或「金剛上師」。 | |
| 334 | vijnana (Skt.; Tib.: nam-she; rnam shes). Consciousness; the fifth skandha. Also, the third of the twelve nidanas, represented by the monkey. | Vijnana（梵；藏：nam-she；rnam shes），識、第五蘊，十二緣起的第三緣起支，以猴子為代表。 | |
| 335 | vinaya (Skt.; Tib.: dülwa; ’dul ba). Monastic vows, discipline. | Vinaya（梵；藏：dülwa；'dul ba），律、出家戒、戒律。 | |
| 336 | vipashyana (Skt.; Tib.: lhakthong; lhag mthong). Awareness. In Tibetan, it is “higher” or “superior” seeing. Insight arising from direct meditative experience or contemplative analysis. An open expansive quality of meditative practice complementary to the stability and groundedness of shamatha. | Vipashyana（梵；藏 lhakthong；lhag mthong），內觀，勝觀。在藏文裡，它是更崇高或優越之見。從直接的禪修覺受或思索分析中生起的清晰明見。內觀禪修開放廣袤的特質，與奢摩他的穩定性和踏實性相輔相成。 | |
| 337 | virya (Skt.; Tib.: tsöndrü; brston ’grus). Exertion. | Virya（梵；藏 ts.ndrü；brston 'grus），精進。 | |
| 338 | Visuddhimagga (Pali). The Path of Purification. An important exposition of the core teachings of the Theravada school composed by the scholar-monk Buddhaghosa in the fifth century. | Visuddhimagga（巴利），《清淨道論》，第五世紀學者兼僧侶覺音（Buddhaghosa）著，詳盡地闡述了南傳上座部的核心法教。 | |
| 339 | Yama (Skt.). The Lord of Death, depicted as holding the wheel of life. | Yama（梵），閻魔、死主，被描繪為手持生命之輪。 | |
| 340 | yama-mara (Skt.). Fear of death and the possibility of death. One of the four maras; also referred to as mrityu-mara. See also appendix 3, under The Four Maras (chapter 13). | Yama-mara（梵），閻羅魔，對死亡和死亡可能性的恐懼。四魔之一；也被稱為死魔（mrityu-mara）。參見之第 13章「佛：覺醒證悟的人」。 | |
| 341 | yana (Skt.). Path or vehicle that carries the practitioner to liberation. | Yana（梵），帶領修行者前往解脫的道或乘。 | |
| 342 | yang-dak-pe lekyi tha (Tib.: yang dag pa’i las kyi mtha’). Perfect end of karma. See also appendix 3, under The Noble Eightfold Path (chapter 60). | Yang-dak-pe lekyi tha（藏：yang dag pa’i las kyi mtha’揚達貝列吉踏），正業。參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 343 | yang-dak-pe ngak (Tib.: yang dag pa’i ngag). Perfect speech. See also appendix 3, under The Noble Eightfold Path (chapter 60). | Yang-dak-pe ngak（藏：yang dag pa’i ngag，揚達貝俄），正語。參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 344 | yang-dak-pe tawa (Tib.: yang dag pa’i lta ba). Perfect view. See also appendix 3, under The Noble Eightfold Path (chapter 60). | Yang-dak-pe tawa（藏：yang dag pa’i lta ba，揚達貝達瓦），正見。參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 345 | yang-dak-pe tingdzin (Tib.: yang dag pa’i ting ’dzin). Perfect meditation. See also appendix 3, under The Noble Eightfold Path (chapter 60). | Yang-dak-pe tingdzin（藏：yang dag pa’i ting ’dzin，揚達貝定津），正定。參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 346 | yang-dak-pe tokpa (Tib.: yang dag pa’i rtog pa). Perfect understanding. See also appendix 3, under The Noble Eightfold Path (chapter 60). | Yang-dak-pe tokpa（藏：yang dag pa’i rtog pa，揚達貝拓巴），正思惟。參見第60章「五道。 | |
| 347 | yang-dak-pe trenpa (Tib.: yang dag pa’i dran pa). Perfect recollection. See also appendix 3, under The Noble Eightfold Path (chapter 60). | Yang-dak-pe trenpa（藏：yang dag pa’i dran pa，揚達貝簡巴），正念。參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 348 | yang-dak-pe tsölwa (Tib.: yang dag pa’i rtsol wa). Perfect effort. See also appendix 3, under The Noble Eightfold Path (chapter 60). | Yang-dak-pe tsölwa（藏：yang dag pa’i rtsol wa，揚達貝措爾瓦），正精進。參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 349 | yang-dak-pe tsowa (Tib.: yang dag pa’i ’tsho ba). Perfect livelihood. See also appendix 3, under The Noble Eightfold Path (chapter 60). | Yang-dak-pe tsowa（藏：yang dag pa’i ’tsho ba，揚達貝措瓦），正命。參見第60章「五道」。 | |
| 350 | yi (Tib.: yid). An aspect of mind traditionally known as the sixth or mental consciousness, shortened from yikyi nampar shepa (Tib.: yid kyi nam par shes pa). Yi also can refer to the seventh consciousness, or nyön-yi. | Yi（藏： yid），意，心的面向，即傳統所知的第六識或心識。「 Yi」是「yikyi nampar shepa」（藏：yid kyi nam par she'spa）意識的簡寫。「Yi」也可以指第七識或末那識（nyön-yi）。 | |
| 351 | yi la shak (Tib.: yid la bzhag). Literally, “rest in the mind.” Ability to rest the mind on whatever the subject matter may be. | Yi la shak（藏：yid la bzhag），其字面意義為「安住於心」。把心安住於任何對境的能力。 | |
| 352 | yidam (Tib.: yi dam). Deity. That which binds the mind to wisdom. | Yidam（藏：yi dam），本尊，心與智慧的連結者。 | |
| 353 | ying rik sewa (Tib.: dbyings rig bsre ba). Mixing mind with space. | Ying rik sewa（藏：dbyings rig bsre ba），界覺雙融。 | |
| 354 | yön yongsu jongwa chenpo (Tib.: yon yongs su sbyong ba chen po). Completely capable of receiving all gifts; a quality of the sangha. | Yön yongsu jongwa chenpo（藏：yon yongs su sbyong ba chen po），普應惠施，完全能夠領受所有的贈禮；僧伽的功德之一。， | 「淨諸信施」，而非「普應惠施」 |
| 355 | yongsu chöpa (Tib.: yongs su dpyod pa). Completely investigating. Fourth category of vipashyana. See also appendix 3, under Four Categories of Vipashyana (chapter 47). | Yongsu chöpa（藏：yongs su dpyod pa，永素卻巴），周審觀察；毘婆奢那的第四類。參見第47章「探究禪修覺受的精微」。 | |
| 356 | yongsu tokpa (Tib.: yongs su rtog pa). Completely comprehending. Third category of vipashyana. See also appendix 3, under under Four Categories of Vipashyana (chapter 47). | Tsen-nyi tsölwa（藏：mtshan nyid ’tshol ba，森尼措瓦），尋思於相（辨析感知的本質）；事物如何根據其本身的存在而被分類。毘婆奢那六種尋思（六事差別所緣）的第三種。參見第48章「讓感知更為敏銳」。 | |
| 357 | yul la sem pena sem (Tib.: yul la sems pas na sems). A definition of mind: “mind is that which thinks of an object.” | Yul la sem pena sem（藏： yul la sems pas na sems），心的定義：心是思想對境者。 | 觀察對境之識：可思及他（境）者 |
| 358 | zafu (Jpn.). A round meditation cushion. | Zafu（日），圓形禪修墊。 |
