創巴仁波切三乘法教系列外文名相-2菩薩乘篇

	The Profound Treasury of the Ocean of Dharma: Volume Two "The Bodhisattva Path of Wisdom and Compassion"	邱陽創巴仁波切《悲智菩薩乘》兩本中譯的辭彙表（黃底表示紙本並未收錄）	勘誤
1	abhidharma (Skt.). Superior or higher dharma. The Buddhist teachings can be divided into three parts, called the “three baskets,” or Tripitaka: the sutras (general teachings of the Buddha), the vinaya (teachings on conduct), and the abhidharma (teachings on philosophy and psychology). According to Trungpa Rinpoche, abhidharma can be thought of as the “patterns of the dharma.”	abhidharma阿毗達摩、論藏（梵）。更為卓越或更為高超之法（又稱：勝法、大法）。佛陀的教法可以分成三個部分，原意為「三個籃子」，又稱為「三藏」：經（佛陀的一般教導）、律（對於行止的教導）以及論（關於哲學與心理學的教導）。根據創巴仁波切，「論」可以理解為「法的各種型態」。
2	abhisheka (Skt.; Tib.: wang; dbang). Sprinkling. An empowerment ceremony in which a student is initiated into a particular vajrayana practice.	abhisheka灌頂（梵；藏wang；dbang）。灑水。弟子在進入特定金剛乘修持前，所接受關於修持的開許儀式。
3	alaya (Skt.; Tib.: künshi; kun gzhi). The fundamental ground that gives rise to both samsara and nirvana, or the basic split. Not to be confused with alayavijnana, or alaya consciousness, the eighth consciousness.	alaya阿賴耶（梵；藏künshi；kun gzhi）。生起輪迴和涅槃此一基本分歧的根本基礎。勿將此與阿賴耶識─也就是第八識─混為一談。
4	alayavijnana (Skt.; Tib.: künshi nampar shepa; kun gzhi rnam par shes pa). The base, or storehouse consciousness; the basis of duality and of all mental activities, also referred to as the eighth consciousness.	alayvijnana阿賴耶識（梵；藏künshi nampar shepa；kun gzhi rnam par shes pa）根本識，或含藏識；二元分別和所有心意活動的基礎，也被稱為第八識。
5	anapanasati (Pali). Mindfulness of the coming and going of the breath. A tradi-tional form of Buddhist meditation.	anapanasati入出息念、數息觀、安般守意（巴利文）。對於氣息出入的觀照。佛教禪修的傳統形式之一。
6	arhat (Skt.; Tib.: drachompa; dgra bcom pa). In Sanskrit, “worthy one.” In Tibetan, “one who has conquered the enemy” of conflicting emotions and grasping at a self-entity. A fully accomplished practitioner of the hinayana path who has achieved liberation from the sufferings of samsara.	arhat阿羅漢（梵；藏drachompa；dgra bcom pa）。在梵文中為「應供」。藏文為降伏煩惱與我執的「殺賊者」。已然解脫輪迴痛苦而於小乘道上全然成就的行者。
7	Asanga (ca. 300–370 ce). An exponent of the Yogachara school of Buddhist philosophy.	Asanga無著尊者（大約生卒於300-370年間）。佛教唯識宗瑜伽行派的闡述者。
8	aspiring (Tib.: mön-pe sem-kye; smon pa’i sems bskyed). The first aspect of taking the bodhisattva vow, which is the desire to enter the bodhisattva path. It is followed by the second aspect, or entering (Tib. juk pe sem-kye; jug pa’i sems bskyed), the actual entry into the disciplines and practices of a bodhisattva. See also entering.	aspiring願菩提心（藏：mön-pe sem-kye；smon pa’i sems bskyed）。菩薩誓言的第一個層面，也就是想要進入菩薩道的那份心願。隨之而來的第二層面或行菩提心（藏：juk pe sem-kye；’jug pa’i sems bskyed），也就是實際進入菩薩的戒律和修持。另見「行菩提心」。
9	ati (Skt.; Tib.: dzokpa; rdzogs pa). Completion, perfection. Ati, which is also referred to as maha ati (Tib.: dzokchen; rdzogs chen) or “great perfection,” refers to the highest vajrayana teaching, according to the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism.	ati無上（梵；藏：dzokpa；rdzogs pa）。全然（完整），圓滿。「無上」也被稱為「瑪哈阿底」（藏：dzokchen；rdzgos chen）或「大圓滿」，根據藏傳佛教寧瑪派的說法，指的是最高的金剛乘教法。
10	Atisha Dipankara (982–1054 ce). A renowned Indian Buddhist scholar and teacher, and founder of the Kadam (“oral instruction”) school of Tibetan Buddhism. Atisha was invited to bring the teachings of lojong, or mind training, to Tibet, where he taught for thirteen years until his death.	Atisha Dipankara阿底峽尊者（西元前982-1054，法號「燃燈吉祥智」）。著名的印度佛教學者兼老師，也是藏傳佛教噶當派（Kadam：口授）的創始人。阿底峽受邀入藏並傳授修心（lojong）的教導，在該處弘揚佛法十三年直至圓寂。
11	Avalokiteshvara. One of the most important bodhisattvas of the mahayana, the embodiment of limitless compassion.	Avalokiteshvara觀世音菩薩（梵，觀自在菩薩）。大乘佛教最重要的菩薩之一，是無量悲心的體現。
12	ayatana (Skt.; Tib.: kye-che; skye mched). Sense field. The collection of six sense organs and their corresponding objects. The twelve ayatanas are comprised of the sense organs of eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind; and the sense objects of sights, sounds, smells, tastes, touchable objects, and thoughts. The Tibetan translation, kye-che, literally means “arising and spreading.”	ayatana處（梵；藏：kye-che；skye mched）。感官範圍。六個官能的集合及其相應的對境。十二處包括眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意此六種感官（以上為六根），以及色、聲、香、味、觸、法（念頭）此六種感官對境（以上為六塵）。藏文kye-che的字面意思是「生起和散佈」。
13	bhumi (Skt.; Tib.: sa; sa). Stage, level; the progressive stages on the path of the bodhisattva that lead to enlightenment.	bhumi地（梵；藏：sa；sa）。階段，層次。在菩薩道上，通往證悟的次第性階段。
14	Black Crown Ceremony. A ceremony unique to the Kagyü tradition, per-formed only by the supreme lineage holder, or Karmapa. In the Black Crown Ceremony, the Karmapa holds on his head a black crown, a replica of the crown given to the fifth Karmapa by Yung-lo, Emperor of China. The original was said to have been made from the hairs of dakinis (female deities who protect the teachings) after Yung-lo had a vision of the crown on the fifth Karmapa’s head. As the Karmapa holds the crown on his head, he slowly recites the mantra of Avalokiteshvara, the bodhisattva of compassion. It is said that during those few minutes, the Karmapa brings to earth the transcendent form of Avalokiteshvara and radiates the bodhisattva’s pure egoless compassion.	Black Crown Ceremony黑寶冠法會。噶舉傳承的特有儀式，唯有最高之傳承持有者――噶瑪巴（Karmapa）――才能主法。在黑寶冠法會上，噶瑪巴將中國永樂皇帝供養給第五世噶瑪巴寶冠的仿製品置於頭頂。有關原物，據說是永樂皇帝於淨相中見到第五世噶瑪巴頭頂上的寶冠後，以空行母（護持法教之女性本尊）的頭髮製成。當噶瑪巴手持寶冠時，會緩慢念誦大悲觀世音菩薩的咒語，並在那短短幾分鐘內，將觀世音菩薩的超凡身相迎請至世間，同時顯現此菩薩純然無我的悲心。
15	bodhi (Skt.; Tib.: changchup; byang chub). Awake. Full illumination or enlightenment.	bodhi菩提（梵；藏：changchup；byang chub）。覺醒。全然的光明或證悟。
16	bodhichitta (Skt.; Tib.: changchup kyi sem; byang chub kyi sems). Enlightened heart / mind. Ultimate, or absolute, bodhichitta is the union of emptiness and compassion, the essential nature of awakened mind. Relative bodhichitta is the tenderness arising from a glimpse of ultimate bodhichitta that inspires the practitioner to train in working for the benefit of others.	bodhicitta菩提心（梵；藏：changchup kyi sem；byang chub kyi sems）。覺悟的心或念想。勝義的─或稱究竟的─菩提心，是空性與慈悲的雙運，其為覺醒心之精要自性。在瞥見勝義菩提心並因此激發行者為利他人而努力後所生起的那份溫柔，則是世俗菩提心。
17	bodhisattva (Skt.; Tib.: changchup sempa; byang chub sems ’dpa). Awake being. In Tibetan, literally “hero of the enlightened mind.” A person who has largely overcome confusion and who is committed to cultivating compassion and wisdom through the practice of the six paramitas (transcendent actions or perfections) in order to free all beings from suffering. See also paramitas.	bodhisattva菩薩（梵；藏：changchup sempa；byang chub sems’dpa）。覺醒者。藏文字面意思為「具覺悟心之勇者」。 戰勝諸多迷亂且誓言行持六波羅蜜（出世行或圓滿度）而開展慈悲與智慧以使所有眾生離苦之人。另見「波羅蜜」。
18	bodhisattva path (Tib.: changchup sem-pe tekpa; byang chub sems dpa’i theg pa). The path of awakened beings, the mahayana. The practices and attitudes of those who dedicate their lives to awakening and to freeing all beings from suffering. See also bodhisattva.	bodhisattva path菩薩道（藏：changchup sem-pa tekpa；byang chub sems dpa’i thegpa）。覺醒者之道――大乘。將生命奉獻於令所有眾生覺醒並離苦者的行持和態度。另見「菩薩」。
19	bodhisattva vow. The vow to attain enlightenment for the benefit of all beings, marking one’s aspiration to enter into the mahayana path of wisdom and compassion, and one’s intention to practice the bodhisattva discipline of the six paramitas.	bodhisattva vow菩薩戒。為利益所有眾生而發願證悟的誓言，宣明了行者想要進入智慧和慈悲之大乘道的心願，以及實行六波羅蜜之菩薩戒的意樂。
20	Brahma (Skt.). The first god of the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. God in the aspect of creator of the universe.	Brahma梵天（梵：）。梵天，印度教三位一體的第一個神，其他二位為毘濕奴（梵：Vishnu）和濕婆（梵：Shiva）。［印度教將其視為］創造宇宙的神祇。
21	brahmaloka (Skt.). Realm of the gods. One of the six realms of samsaric beings.	brahmaloka梵世（梵：）。天道。輪迴眾生的六道之一。
22	brahmavihara (Skt.). Literally, the “dwelling place of Brahma.” The four brahmaviharas are a meditation practice in which the practitioner contemplates four positive states of mind and radiates them out. The four states are love toward all beings, compassion toward those who are suffering, sympathetic joy, and equanimity or unbiasedness.	brahmavihara四梵住（梵：）。字面上為「梵天居住之處」。四梵住是一種禪修練習，行者於此思量四種正面心態並顯現之。此四分別為：對一切眾生之愛（慈），對受苦眾生之悲（悲），帶有悲憫情懷之喜（喜），以及平等對待或無偏私性（捨）。
23	buddha / Buddha (Skt.; Tib.: sang-gye; sangs rgyas). Awakened one. In a general sense, “buddha” may refer to the principle of enlightenment or to any enlightened being. In particular, “the Buddha” refers to the historical Buddha Shakyamuni.	buddha/Buddha佛／佛陀（梵；藏：sang-gye；sangs rgyas）。覺者。一般來說，「佛」（buddha）指的是證悟之要則或已然證悟者。「佛陀」（the Buddha）一詞乃特指歷史上的釋迦牟尼佛。
24	chakpa mepa (Tib.: chags pa med pa). Passionlessness.	chakpa mepa無貪（藏：chags pa med pa）。不熱切性（passionlessness，不帶有熱情的狀態）。
25	champa (Tib.: byams pa; Skt.: maitri). Love, loving-kindness.	champa慈（藏：byams pa；梵：maitri）。愛。慈愛。
26	Chandrakirti. Seventh-century Indian madhyamaka (middle way) teacher and author of a well-known commentary on Nagarjuna’s Root Stanzas on the Middle Way (Skt.: Mulamadhyamaka-karikas) entitled Introduction to the Middle Way (Skt.: Madhyamakavatara).	Chandrakirti月稱尊者。七世紀印度中觀思想（madhyamaka）之導師，撰有對龍樹著作《中觀根本頌》（梵：Mulamadhyamaka-karikas）的著名注釋，稱為《入中論》（梵：Madhyamakavatara）。
27	Changchup Shunglam (Tib.: byang chub gzhung lam). The Great Path of Awakening, Jamgön Kongtrül’s commentary on the lojong slogans and a classical guide to working with them. One of the main sources used by Trungpa Rinpoche for his presentation of lojong, or mind-training, teachings.	Changchup Shunglam《菩提大道》（藏：byang chub gzhung lam；英：The Great Path of Awakening）。第一世蔣貢工珠對修心口訣的注疏，也是指導相關修持的經典之作。創巴仁波切在呈現修心教法時主要參照的來源之一。
28	chö-je yang dak (Tib.: chos ’byed yang dag). Perfect discrimination of dharmas. Second of the seven limbs of a bodhisattva.	chö-je yang dak擇法覺支（藏：chos’byed yang dag）。對現象（法）作合理的揀擇。七覺支的第二。
29	chökyi trin (Tib.: chos kyi sprin). Cloud of dharma. The tenth bhumi and the final stage before the attainment of enlightenment.	chökyi trin法雲地（藏：chos kyi sprin）。菩薩修行位階的第十地，也是在獲得證悟前的最後階段。
30	dagdzin (Tib.: bdag ’dzin). Conception of a self; ego-clinging.	dagdzin我執（藏：bdag ’dzin）。對於自我的概念；對於自我的執著。
31	dana (Skt.; Tib.: jinpa; sbyin pa). Generosity. First of the six paramitas. See also paramita.	dana布施（藏：jinpa；sbyin pa）。慷慨給予。六波羅蜜的第一度。另見「波羅蜜」。
32	denpa nyi (Tib.: bden pa gnyis). Two truths; the relative and the absolute truth.	denpa nyi二諦（藏：bden pa gnyis）。二真理，世俗諦與勝義諦，相對與究竟的真理。
33	dharma (Skt.; Tib.: chö; chos). Truth, law, phenomena. Specifically, the buddhadharma, or teachings of the Buddha. Lower dharma is how things work on the mundane level: for example, how water boils. Higher dharma is the subtle understanding of the world: how mind works, how samsara perpetuates itself, how it is transcended, and so on. The plural form dharmas simply refers to phenomena. First of the four types of discriminating awareness.	dharma法（藏：chö；chos）。真理，法則，現象。特定來說則是佛法，或是佛陀的教導。較低層次的法為事物在世俗層面的運作方式：例如，水如何達到沸騰。較高層次的法則是對此世界的細微理解：例如，心如何作用，輪迴如何自行延續又該如何超越等等。法的複數（dharmas）泛指現象。四無礙解中的第一種，即為法無礙。
34	dharmadhatu (Skt.; Tib.: chökyi ying; chos kyi dbyings). Sphere of dharma, or sphere of reality. All-encompassing space in which all phenomena arise, dwell, and dissolve.	dharmadhatu法界（藏：chökyi ying；chos kyi dbyings）。法之範圍或實相之範圍。涵攝萬象之虛空，所有現象都在其中生起、安住、消融。
35	dharmakaya (Skt.; Tib.: chöku; chos sku). Dharma body; truth body. One of the three kayas. See also kayas, three.	dharmakaya法身（藏：chöku；chos sku）法身。實相身。三身之一。另見「三身」。
36	dharmapala (Skt.; Tib.: chökyong; chos skyong). An enlightened emanation or a being bound by oath to protect practitioners and the integrity of the dharma. Aid to practitioners in taming of inner and outer obstacles.	dharmapala護法（藏：chöyang；chos skyong）。可能是證悟者的化現，或受誓言約束而保護行者和佛法完整性的某類眾生。協助行者調伏內在和外在的障礙。
37	dharmaraja (Skt.). Sovereign of dharma.	dharmaraja法王。法中之王。
38	dharmata (Skt.). “Dharma-ness,” “isness”; true nature of reality.	dharmata法性。「法之性質」； 「如是」，實相的真正自性。
39	dhyana (Skt.; Tib.: samten; bsam gtan). Meditative stabilization, concentration. The fifth of the six paramitas. See also paramita.	dhyana禪定、禪那、靜慮（梵；藏：samten；bsam gtan）。安止修，專注。六波羅蜜中的第五度。另見「波羅蜜」。
40	dikpa (Tib.: sdig pa). Karmic deeds; evil actions; neurotic crimes.	dikpa罪過、惡業（藏：sdig pa）。業力行為；邪惡之行；因精神慌亂所犯之罪。
41	dompa (Tib.: sdom pa; Skt.: samvara). Binding; vow.	dompa律儀、戒、束縛、誓言（藏：sdom pa；梵：samvara）。約束；誓約。
42	dom-pe tsültrim (Tib.: sdom pa’i tshul khrims). Binding oneself to the discipline of dharma. First of three types of discipline.	dom-pe tsültrim律儀戒（藏：sdom pa’i tshul khrims）。遵守佛法戒律。菩薩戒（三聚凈戒）的第一條。
43	dön (Tib.: gdon). A sudden attack of neurosis, an emotional upheaval, or klesha, that seems to come from outside oneself. See also klesha.	dön魔祟、魔怨力（藏：gdon）。看似由外力所致的急性精神慌亂、情緒激動或煩惱爆發。
44	dug-ngal kyi ngowo söpa (Tib.: sdug bsngal kyi ngo bo bzod pa). Patience toward the fact of suffering; realizing how others’ impatience is caused by their pain. The second of the three types of patience.	dug-ngal kyi ngowo söpa安受苦忍（藏：sdug bsngal kyi ngo bo bzod pa）。對於痛苦的事實可以安然耐受；體悟到他人何以會因各自有苦而無法安然耐受。三種安忍中的第二種。
45	duhkha (Skt.; Tib.: dug-ngal; sdug bsngal). Suffering. Physical and psychological suffering of all kinds, including the subtle but all-pervading frustration experienced with regard to the impermanence and insubstantiality of all things. The truth of suffering is the first of the four noble truths.	duhkha苦（梵：，藏：dug-ngal；sdug bsngal）。痛苦，各式各樣的身心苦痛，包括對一切事物的無常和無實感到不易察覺卻又無所不在的挫折。苦諦是四聖諦中的第一個。
46	eightfold path. Fundamental components of the Buddhist path as expounded by Gautama Buddha. The path that leads to the cessation of suffering. The eightfold path consists of (1) right view, (2) right understanding, (3) right speech, (4) right action, (5) right livelihood, (6) right effort, (7) right recollection or mindfulness, and (8) right meditation.	eightfold path八正道。釋迦牟尼佛宣說佛弟子所應行之道的基本要素，而此乃滅苦之道。八正道包含（1）正見；（2）正思惟；（3）正語；（4）正業；（5）正命；（6）正精進；（7）正憶念或正念；（8）正定。
47	entering (Tib.: juk-pe sem-kye; jug pa’i sems bskyed). The second aspect of the bodhisattva vow, the actual application of the disciplines and practices of a bodhisattva. This follows the first aspect, the aspiration or desire to enter the bodhisattva path (Tib.: mön-pe sem-kye; smon pa’i sems bskyed). See also aspiring.	entering行菩提心（藏：juk-pe sem-kye；’jug pa’i sems bskyed）。菩薩誓言的第二個層面，確實持守菩薩戒律並付諸行持。這是在第一個層面的發願或欲求進入菩薩道（藏：mön-pe sem-kye；smon pa’i sems bskeyd）之後的下一階段。另見「願菩提心」（aspiring）。
48	four noble truths. The four noble truths are (1) suffering, (2) the origin of suffering, (3) the cessation of suffering, and (4) the path.	four noble truths四聖諦。四個崇高的真諦為：（1）痛苦；（2）痛苦之源；（3）痛苦之滅；（4）道途，亦即苦、集、滅、道。
49	gawa (Tib.: dga’ ba). Joy. Fourth of the seven limbs of a bodhisattva.	gawa喜覺支（藏：dga’ba）。喜悅。七覺支的第四。
50	Geluk (Tib.: dge lugs). One of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism, characterized by an emphasis on scholarship and intellectual analysis.	Geluk格魯（藏：dge lugs）。藏傳佛教四大教派之一，以著重學術和理性分析為其特色。
51	Geshe Chekawa Yeshe Dorje (1101–1175 ce). A Kadam master renowned as the author of the Seven Points of Mind Training, a summary of Atisha’s lojong teachings.	Geshe Chekawa Yeshe Dorje切卡瓦．耶喜．多傑格西（公元1101 －1175年）。噶當派大師，因撰有總攝阿底峽修心教導的《修心七要》（the Seven Points of Mind Training）而聞名。
52	gewa (Tib.: dge ba). Virtue.	gewa善（藏：dge ba）。善德。
53	ge-wa chödü (Tib.: dge ba’i chos sdud). Gathering virtuous dharmas, or gathering goodness. The second of three types of discipline.	ge-wa chödü攝善法戒（藏：dge be’i chos sdud）。累積善法，或積聚良善。三種菩薩戒中的第二種。
54	gomden (Tib.: sgom gdan). A block-shaped meditation cushion designed by Trungpa Rinpoche.	gomden蒲團（藏：sgom gdan）。由創巴仁波切設計的塊狀禪修坐墊。
55	gyi-luk-pe lelo (Tib.: sgyid lug pa’i le lo). Losing heart; the second of the three categories of laziness.	gyi-luk-pe lelo耽著劣事懈怠（藏：sgyid lug pa’i le lo）。失去信心或道心。懈怠的第二類。
56	Heart Sutra. Short for Sutra of the Heart of Transcendent Knowledge (Skt.: Prajnaparamita Hridaya Sutra). An important and beloved sutra, studied and recited by many schools of Buddhism. A concise encapsulation of prajnaparamita teachings and an essential discourse on emptiness.	Heart Sutra《心經》（梵：Prajnaparamita Hridaya Sutra）。《般若波羅蜜多心經》之簡稱。一部廣受喜愛的重要佛經，眾多佛教部派都會加以深究和唸誦。其扼要概述了般若波羅蜜多的教導，也精要闡明了空性的意義。
57	hinayana (Skt.; Tib.: thekpa chung; theg pa chung). Lesser or narrow vehicle. The spiritual path of individual salvation, based on meditation practice and an understanding of basic Buddhist doctrines such as the four noble truths. Also known as the foundational vehicle, it provides the essential instruction and training that serves as a basis for both the mahayana and the vajrayana.	hinayana上座部佛教、小乘（梵；藏：thekpa chung；theg pa chung）。原意是較小或較窄的車乘。以禪修及對四聖諦等基本佛理的了解為基礎而成為個人解脫的修道。亦稱為基乘，乃大乘和金剛乘的基礎，提供了不可或缺的指導和訓練。［譯註：因「小乘」一詞具有貶義，故今日多以「南傳佛教」或「上座部佛教」來稱呼之。不過，由於作者所用為梵文，基於梵文原意和上下脈絡，書中仍多以「小乘」來對應，但並無貶抑之意。］
58	Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thaye (1813–1899 ce). One of the most prominent Buddhist masters of nineteenth-century Tibet, credited as one of the founders of the Ri-me, or nonsectarian, movement. Jamgön Kongtrül achieved great renown as a scholar and writer, and authored more than one hundred volumes of scriptures. Trungpa Rinpoche used Jamgön Kongtrül’s commentary on slogan practice, The Great Path of Awakening, and his monumental work, The Treasury of Knowledge, as primary references for his presentation of the three yanas.	Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thaye蔣貢．工珠．羅卓．泰耶（西元1813-1899）。十九世紀西藏最傑出的佛教大師之一，被譽為利美運動（Ri-me）或不分教派運動的發起人之一。蔣貢．工珠以學者和作家之身分而享有盛名，並且編纂了一百多函的著作。創巴仁波切引用了蔣貢．工珠對修持口訣的注疏《菩提大道》及其不朽巨作《知識寶藏論》（The Treasury of Knowledge），作為介紹三乘的主要參考文獻。
59	jangkawa (Tib.: sbyang dka’ ba). Difficult to accomplish. The fifth bhumi.	jangkawa難勝地（藏：sbyang dka’ba）。難以達到，菩薩第五地。
60	jhana (Pali; Skt.: dhyana; Tib.: samten; bsam gtan). State of meditative absorption. According to Trungpa Rinpoche, attachment to such absorption states is an obstacle that can lead to becoming trapped in the god realm, and there-fore it is better not to seek out such states.	jhana禪定、靜慮、陳那（梵文音譯）（巴利：梵：dhyana；藏：samten；bsam gtan）。禪定的狀態。按照創巴仁波切的說法，對此狀態執著乃屬障礙，可能導致困在天道而難以出脫，所以最好不要尋求這種狀態。
61	jinpa (Tib.: sbyin pa; Skt.: dana). Generosity. The first of the six paramitas, or transcendent actions. See also paramita.	jinpa布施（藏：sbyin pa；梵：dana）。六波羅蜜（出世行）中的第一度。另見「波羅蜜」。
62	jnana (Skt.; Tib.: yeshe; ye shes). Wisdom. The wisdom activity of enlightenment, transcending all dualistic conceptualization. Spontaneous wisdom that need not be sought. Primordial knowing.	jnana智（藏：yeshe；ye shes）。智慧。證悟的智慧事業，超越一切二元的概念。不需外求的自發智慧。乃本初的了知。
63	ka (Tib.: bka’). Sacred command.	ka噶（藏：bka’）。神聖殊勝的指示。
64	Kadam/Kadampa (Tib.: bka’ gdams pa). Oral instruction. School of Tibetan Buddhism founded by Atisha and noted for its emphasis on lojong, or mind-training teachings.	Kadam/Kadampa噶當／噶當巴（藏：bka’gdams pa）。口授指導。由阿底峽尊者創立的西藏佛教學派，因強調稱為「婁炯」（lojong）的修心訓練而著稱。
65	Kagyü (Tib.: bka’ brgyud). One of four main sects of Tibetan Buddhism. Kagyü means “command” lineage. Due to its emphasis on meditation and on direct experience, it is referred to as the “practice lineage.” As the eleventh Trungpa tülku, Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche was a Kagyü lineage holder, although he also studied within the Nyingma tradition.	Kagyü噶舉（藏：bka’brgyud）。藏傳佛教四大宗派傳承之一。噶舉意指「指導」（口授教誡）傳承。由於強調禪修和直接體證，所以被稱為「實修傳承」。儘管邱陽創巴仁波切也曾學習過寧瑪傳承，由於他身為第十一世創巴祖古（轉世），因此是噶舉傳承的持有者。
66	kalpa (Skt.). An endlessly long period of time; world cycle, world age.	kalpa劫（梵：）。一段無盡的長時；世界之循環，世界之壽數。
67	kalyanamitra (Skt.; Tib.: ge-we shenyen; dge ba’i bshes gnyen). Spiritual friend. The mahayana teacher, who guides students through wisdom, compassion, and skillful means.	kalyanamitra善知識（藏：ge-we shenyen；dge ba’i bashes gnyen）。修道之友（spiritual friend，譯註：此為梵文原意，並非道友或法友之意）。意指透過智慧、悲心和善巧方便來引導弟子的大乘導師。
68	karma (Skt.; Tib. le; las). Action. The chain-reaction process of action and result, or cause and effect, arising from the habit of ego fixation. According to this doctrine, one’s present experience is a product of previous actions and volitions, and future conditions depend on what is done in the present. Virtuous actions leads to positive results, and nonvirtuous actions to negative results. Ultimately, the goal is to break the karmic chain and free oneself from the destructive habit of ego by means of wisdom and skillful means.	karma業（藏：le；las）。行為。由於我執習性所產生的「行為和結果」或「因和果」之連鎖效應。按此宗義，現在所經驗的一切都來自過往的行動和意志，未來的狀態則取決於現在的所作所為。良善的行為引生正向的結果，而不善的行為導致負面的後果。然而，最終的目標乃是透過智慧和善巧方便來突破業力枷鎖，從自我（ego）的有害習性中解脫。
69	Karmapa. The spiritual head of the Karma Kagyü school and the oldest tülku lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. The appearance of the Karmapa as an embodiment of compassion was prophesied by both the Buddha and Padmasambhava. In seventeen incarnations, the Karmapa has worked for the welfare of all sentient beings. In the Black Crown Ceremony, performed since the fifteenth century, the Karmapa shows himself as the embodiment of Avalokiteshvara. The sixteenth Karmapa, Rikpe Dorje (1924–1981), was the Kagyü lineage holder during Trungpa Rinpoche’s lifetime. The current, or seventeenth, Karmapa is Ogyen Trinley Dorje (b. 1985). See also Black Crown Ceremony.	Karmapa噶瑪巴。噶瑪噶舉傳承的精神領袖，藏傳佛教中最古老的轉世祖古譜系。佛陀和蓮花生大士都曾授記噶瑪巴這位慈悲化身的出現。噶瑪巴至今已轉世十七次，每一位轉世皆努力成辦諸有情眾生的利樂。於自十五世紀以來舉行的黑寶冠法會中，噶瑪巴都會示現為觀世音菩薩的化身。創巴仁波切在世時的噶舉傳承持有者為十六世噶瑪巴日佩．多傑（Rikpe Dorje，1924-1981）。目前則為十七世噶瑪巴鄔金．欽列．多傑（Ogyen Trinley Dorje，生於1985年）。另見「黑寶冠法會」。
70	karuna (Skt.; Tib.: nyingje; snying rje). Compassion; noble heart. The second of both the four brahmaviharas and the four limitless ones.	karuna悲（藏：nyingye；snying rje）。博愛悲憫；高貴崇高之心。為四梵住、四無量心中的第二種。
71	kayas, four (Skt.). The four kayas are dharmakaya (body of nonreference point), sambhogakaya (body of complete joy), nirmanakaya (body of emanation), and svabhavikakaya (the totality of panoramic experience). In context of the lojong slogan, “Seeing confusion as the four kayas is the supreme shunyata protection,” the four kayas are the four mental processes of perception: openness, clarity, joining the two, and the totality of panoramic experience. See also kayas, three.	kayas, four四身。四身分別為法身（dharmakaya，無有性相之身）、報身（sambhogakaya，圓滿受用之身）、化身（nirmanakaya，應機化顯之身）和自性身（svabhavikakaya，三身總和之體）。在修心口訣中，「見迷亂為四身，乃無上空性之護」（Seeing confusion as the four kayas is the supreme shunyata protection）。四身即是四種心意感知的歷程：敞開（openness）、明澈（clarity）、雙運（joining the two）、全面體證（the totality of panoramic experience）。另見「三身」（kayas, three）。
72	kayas, three (Skt.). The three bodies, or forms, of a buddha: dharmakaya (body of nonreference point); sambhogakaya (body of complete joy); and nirmanakaya (body of emanation). See also kayas, four.	kayas, three三身。佛的三種身相或形態：法身（dharmakaya，無有性相之身）、報身（sambhogakaya，圓滿受用之身）和化身（nirmanakaya，應機化顯之身）。另見「四身」。
73	khorsum yangdak (Tib.: ’khor gsum yang dag). Threefold purity. The three purities are no action, no actor, and no object of the activity.	khorsum yangdak三輪體空（藏：’khor gsum yang dag）。三種清淨。此三種清淨為無「所作」（action，行為）、無「作者」（actor，行為人）、無「受者」（object，被行為人）。
74	klesha (Skt.; Tib.: nyönmong; nyon mongs). Defilement or conflicting emotions, also referred to as poison. Kleshas are properties that dull the mind and lead to unwholesome actions. The three main kleshas are passion, aggression, and ignorance or delusion.	klesha煩惱（藏：nyönmong；nyon mongs）。染污或衝突的情緒，也被稱為「毒」。 煩惱有鈍化心思、導致不善行為的特性。三個主要的煩惱分別為貪愛、瞋怒、愚癡。
75	kshanti (Skt.; Tib.: söpa; bzod pa). Patience, forbearance. The third of the six paramitas or transcendent actions. See also paramita.	kshanti忍（藏：söpa；bzod pa）。安忍，寬容。六波羅蜜中的第三度（出世行）。另見「波羅蜜」。
76	kündzop (Tib.: kun rdzob). Relative or conventional truth. This is contrasted to töndam, or “absolute truth,” in the teaching of the two truths. See also töndam.	kündzop世俗諦（藏：kun rdzob）。相對或世俗的真理。相對於二諦法教中的「勝義諦」（töndam，絕對真理）。另見「勝義諦」。
77	künshi ngangluk kyi gewa (Tib.: kun gzhi ngang lugs kyi dge ba). The natural virtue of the alaya. A natural state of goodness, or basic goodness. See also alaya.	künshi ngangluk kyi gewa本初善（藏：kun gzhi ngang lugs kyi dge ba）。阿賴耶的本然善德。善良的自然狀態，或根本的良善。另見「阿賴耶」。
78	küntak (Tib.: kun brtags). Random labeling; false conceptions.	küntak分別性（藏：kun brtags）。任意的標籤化；錯誤的概念。	「遍計所執」更好
79	küntu ö (Tib.: kun tu ’od). Always luminous; complete radiance. The last of the ten bhumis, the equivalent of buddhahood.	küntu ö普光地（藏：kun tu’od）。恆時光亮；全然明耀。菩薩十地中的最後一地，相當於成佛。［譯註：關於菩薩的果位有四種說法，也就是十地，以及於十地之上再細分的十三地、十六地和二十一地，此處藏文對應的是第十一地，與英文編輯的解釋稍有出入。］
80	lakshana (Skt.). Permanence. One of the four aspects of ultimate truth; the others are joy, purity, and being.	lakshana常（梵）。恆常性（如來法身其體常住）。勝義諦的四個面向（涅槃四德）之一；其他則是樂（如來法身永離眾苦）、淨（如來法身離垢無染）和我（如來法身自在無礙；遠離有我、無我二妄執之大我）。［譯註：以上說明出自《佛光大辭典》］。
81	lamkhyer (Tib.: lam khyer). Carrying all life circumstances to the path.	lamkhyer境轉道用（藏：lam khyer）。將生命中所有的對境轉成修道所用。
82	lek-pe lodrö (Tib.: legs pa’i blo gros). Good intellect. The ninth bhumi.	lek-pe lodrö善慧地（藏：legs pa’i blo gros）。優異的智識，菩薩第九地。
83	lelo (Tib.: le lo). Laziness.	lelo懈怠（藏：le lo）。懶惰。
84	lhakpa (Tib.: lhag pa). Supreme.	lhakpa無上（藏：lhagpa）。至高。
85	lobur gyi trima (Tib.: glo bur gyi dri ma). Temporary stain.	lobur gyi trima客塵（藏：glo bur gyi dri ma）。暫時的染污。
86	lodrö (Tib.: blo gros). Intellect.	lodrö智（藏：blo gros）。智識。
87	lohan (Chin.; Skt.: arhat). A close disciple of the Buddha.	lohan羅漢（中文音譯；梵：arhat）。佛陀的親近弟子。
88	lojong (Tib.: blo sbyong). Mind training; specifically the practice of cultivating loving-kindness and compassion by working with the slogans of The Seven Points of Mind Training, a teaching compiled by Geshe Chekawa and attributed to Atisha.	lojong修心（藏：blo sbyong）。心的訓練；特指切卡瓦格西所編寫而源於阿底峽尊者的《修心七要》口訣中，有關培養慈心與悲心的修持。
89	madhyamaka (Skt.). The “middle-way” school, a philosophical school based on the dialectical approach of undercutting any attempt to establish a solid logical position, developed by the great logician Nagarjuna (second to third century ce).	madhyamaka中觀（梵）。「中道」學派，此義理學派以辯證方法為基礎，駁斥任何邏輯定論的安立，由龍樹大論師（Nagarjuna，公元二至三世紀）所創。
90	Madhyamakavatara (Skt.). Chandrakirti’s commentary on Nagarjuna’s Root Stanzas on the Middle Way.	Madhyamakavatara《入中論》（梵）。月稱論師對龍樹尊者所著《中觀根本頌》的註釋。
91	mahakaruna (Skt.; Tib.: nyingje chenpo; snying rje chen po). Great love, great compassion. First of the four aspects of great compassion.	mahakaruna大悲心（藏：nyingje chepo；snying rje chen po）。大愛，弘大的悲心。大悲心四個層面的第一種。
92	mahamudra (Skt.; Tib.: chaggya chenpo; phyag rgya chen po). Great symbol. The meditative transmission handed down especially by the Kagyü school, from Vajradhara Buddha through Tilopa up to the present lineage holders. A tradition of systematic meditative training leading to a direct nonconceptual understanding of the vivid-empty nature of phenomenal reality.	mahamudra大手印（藏：chaggya chenpo；phyag rgya chen po）。偉大的象徵。特指從金剛持佛（Vajradhara Buddha）、帝洛巴（Tilopa）而代代相傳直至現任傳承持有者的噶舉教派禪修指導。透過次第性的禪修訓練傳統，使行者對萬法實相的明空自性生起不受任何概念局限的直接了解。
93	mahasattva (Skt.). Great being.	mahasattva大菩薩（梵）。大士。
94	mahasukha (Skt.; Tib.: bde ba chenpo; bde ba po’i). Great bliss.	mahasukha大樂（梵；藏：bde ba chepo；bde ba po’i）。聖妙之樂。
95	mahavipashyana (Skt.). Panoramic awareness that is both precise and all-encompassing. A greater form of vipashyana that leads to a glimpse of shunyata and the realization of the four noble truths. See also vipashyana.	mahavipashyana大觀察修（梵）。精確且涵攝一切的全貌覺性。更宏觀的觀察修，能使行者瞥見空性並了悟四聖諦。另見「觀察修」。
96	mahayana (Skt.; Tib.: thekpa chenpo; theg pa chen po). Great vehicle. The stage of Buddha’s teaching that emphasizes the practice of compassion and the realization of both the self and phenomena as vast openness, or emptiness. It is the path of the bodhisattva, the practitioner whose life is dedicated to helping others on the path to liberation.	mahayana大乘（梵；藏：thekpa chenpo；theg pa chen po）。偉大的車乘。佛陀教法的此一階段著重於實踐悲心、了證「人無我」和「法無我」，或稱自我和現象的廣大開闊或空性。這就是菩薩的修道，行者將生命奉獻於幫助他人走上解脫之道。
97	maitri (Skt.). Love, or loving-kindness. The first of the four brahmaviharas, as well as the four limitless ones.	maitri慈（梵）。愛，或慈愛。為四梵住、四無量心的第一種。
98	Manjushri (Skt.). “He who is noble and gentle.” The bodhisattva of wisdom, often depicted holding a two-bladed sword and a prajnaparamita text, symbolizing the cutting of twofold ego and the power of prajna.	Manjushri文殊師利菩薩（梵）。「高貴且溫柔者」（意譯：妙吉祥）。代表智慧的菩薩，經常被描繪為持有雙刃劍和一本《般若波羅蜜多》的經卷，象徵斷除人法二執，以及般若的力量。
99	Mara/maras (Skt.; Pali). Literally “death” or “destruction.” Mara is the demon who tempted Buddha with seductive visions. He is the embodiment of death who symbolizes the passions that overwhelm beings, as well as everything that hinders the arising of wholesomeness and progress on the path. More generally, maras refer to evil, seductive forces.	Mara/maras魔／魔羅（梵；巴利）。字面意思為「死亡」或「毀滅」。曾以誘惑的幻景來引誘佛陀。他是死亡的化身，象徵令眾生無可抵擋的貪愛，以及修道上阻礙善業生起和修行進展的一切人事物。泛指任何邪惡、引人墮落的力量。
100	Marpa (1012–1097 ce). Renowned Tibetan Kagyü yogi and translator; principle teacher of Tibet’s poet saint Milarepa.	Marpa馬爾巴尊者（西元1012－1097）。西藏著名的噶舉派瑜伽士和譯師：西藏詩人兼聖者密勒日巴尊者的主要上師。
101	mepa lelo (Tib.: smad pa le lo). Degraded laziness. The third of the three categories of laziness.	mepe lelo自輕凌懈怠（藏：smad pa le lo）。退化、退縮之懈怠。三種懈怠中的第三。
102	mik-che kyi nying-je (Tib.: dmigs bcas kyi snying rje). Deliberate compassion.	mik-che kyi nying-je造作悲心（藏：dmigs bcas kyi snying rje）。刻意生起的悲心。
103	Milarepa (1040–1123 ce). One of the forefathers of the Kagyü lineage. A student of Marpa who attained enlightenment in one lifetime, he is the most famous of Tibetan saints and is known for his spontaneous spiritual songs, or dohas (Skt.).	Milarepa密勒日巴尊者（公元1040－1123年）。噶舉傳承的祖師之一。馬爾巴尊者的弟子，即身獲得證悟之成就者，是西藏聖者中最著名的人物，以自然流露的道歌（梵：dohas）而聞名。
104	mi-lob-lam (Tib.: mi slob lam). Path of no more learning. Fifth of the five paths.	mi-lob-lam無學道（藏：mi slob lam）。不需更多學習的道途。［大乘］五道之第五。
105	Mind-only school. See Yogachara school.	Mind-only school唯識派。見「唯識瑜伽行派」。
106	miyowa (Tib.: mi gyo ba). Not moving. The eighth bhumi.	miyowa不動地（藏：mi gyo ba）。不為所動，菩薩第八地。
107	mönlam (Tib.: smon lam; Skt.: pranidhana). Aspiration, vision, or prayer.	mönlam祈願（藏：smon lam；梵：pranidhana）。願望、願景或願文。
108	mudita (Skt.). Joy. The third of the four brahmaviharas, as well as the third of the four limitless ones.	mudita喜（梵）喜悅。四梵住、四無量心的第三個。
109	Nagarjuna (second to third century ce). A great Indian teacher of Buddhism, the founder of the Madhyamaka school of Buddhist philosophy. He contributed greatly to the logical development of the doctrine of shunyata and was the author of many key texts. According to tradition, he was also the guru of various important Buddhist teachers.	Nagarjuna龍樹尊者（西元二到三世紀）。偉大的印度佛教上師，創立中觀學派，對空性宗義的邏輯思想發展貢獻甚多，並為諸多關鍵論典的作者。亦是許多不同傳承之佛教大德的上師。
110	nampar mitokpa (Tib.: rnampar mi rtog pa). Complete nonconceptualization; the experience of the first bhumi.	nampar mitokpa無分別（藏：rnampar mi rtog pa）。完全沒有分別概念；此為初地菩薩的體驗。
111	namtok (Tib.: rnam rtog). Concept; conceptualization.	namtok分別念（藏：rnam rtong）概念；概念化。
112	namdrang ma-yin-pe töndam (Tib.: rnam grangs pa’i don dam). “Uncountable” töndam. Vast experience beyond fixation. One of two types of töndam. See also nam-drang-pe töndam.	namdrang ma-yin-pe tönam非異門勝義（藏：rnam grangs ma yin pa’i don dam）。「無法計數」的勝義諦（töndam）。超越固著的寬廣體驗。為兩種勝義諦之一。另見「異門勝義」。
113	nam-drang-pe töndam (Tib.: rnam grangs ma yin pa’i don dam). “Countable” or categorized töndam. A partial transcending of fixation. One of two types of töndam. See also namdrang ma-yin-pe töndam.	nam-drang-pe töndam異門勝義（藏：rnam grangs pa’i don dam）。「可以計數」或經過分類的勝義諦（töndam）。對於固著有部分的超越。為兩種勝義諦之一。另見「非異門勝義」。
114	ngetsik (Tib.: nges tshig). The discrimination of definition, the third of four types of discriminating awareness of the ninth bhumi.	ngetsik辭無礙解（藏：nges tshig）。對於法相辭義通達明辨，九地菩薩四無礙解的第三種。
115	ngöndu kyurpa (Tib.: mngon du gyur pa). Becoming manifest. The sixth bhumi.	ngöndu kyurpa現前地（藏：mngon du gyur pa）。得以顯現。菩薩道第六地。
116	nidana (Skt.). One of the twelve links of interdependent origination: ignorance, formation, consciousness, name and form, six sense faculties, contact, feeling, craving, clinging, becoming, birth, and death. The web of mutually conditioned psychological and physical phenomena that constitute individual existence, and entangle sentient beings in samsara.	nidana因緣（梵）。相依生起的十二緣起之一：無明、行、識、名色、六處、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死。身心現象彼此制約之網罟，由此構成了個別存有，並使有情眾生纏縛於輪迴中。
117	nirmanakaya (Skt.; Tib.: tülku; sprul sku). Form body or emanation body. See also kayas, three.	nirmanakaya應化身、化身（梵；藏：tülku；sprul sku）。色相身或化現身，另見「三身」。
118	nirvana (Skt.; Tib.: nya-ngen ledepa; mya ngen las ’das pa). Extinguished. The Tibetan translation means “gone beyond suffering”; a state of no more suffering achieved when one is enlightened. Used in contrast to samsara.	nirnava涅槃（梵；藏：nya-ngen ledepa；mya ngen las’das pa）。寂滅。藏文相應的翻譯意味著「超越痛苦」；獲致證悟時，不再感到苦痛的狀態。相對於「輪迴」的用詞。
119	nyam (Tib.: nyams). Temporary experience.	nyam體驗、覺受（藏：nyams）。暫時的經驗。
120	nying-je (Tib.: snying rje; Skt.: karuna). Compassion; literally, “noble heart.”	nying-je悲心（藏：snying rje；梵：karuna）。悲心；字義上是「崇高之心」。
121	Nyingma (Tib.: rnying ma). The ancient ones. The oldest of the four principal schools of Tibetan Buddhism, focusing on the early transmission of Buddhist teachings brought from India to Tibet by Padmasambhava, as well as monks and scholars such as Vimalamitra and Vairochana in the eighth century.	Nyingma寧瑪派（藏：rnying ma）。古老的。藏傳佛法四大教派中最古老的一支，著重於早期由蓮花生大士、無垢友尊者（Vimalamitra）和毘盧擦那（Vairochana）等僧侶和學者於八世紀從印度帶到西藏所傳揚的佛法教義。
122	nyom-le kyi lelo (Tib.: snyom las kyi le lo). The first category of laziness. Casualness and attachment to leisure. Slothfulness.	nyom-le kyi lelo同惡懈怠（藏：snyom las kyi le lo）。第一種懈怠。漫不經心和貪戀安逸。懶散性。
123	öjepa (Tib.: ’od byed pa). Illuminating. The third bhumi.	öjepa發光地（藏：‘od byed pa）。發散光明。菩薩道第三地。
124	öselwa (Tib.: ’od gsal ba). Luminosity. Second of four aspects of great compassion.	öselwa明（藏：‘od gsal ba）。光明。大悲心四種面向的第二種。
125	ötrowa (Tib.: ’od phro ba). Radiating light. The fourth bhumi.	ötrowa焰慧地（藏：’od phro ba）。散放光芒。菩薩道第四地。
126	pagyang (Tib.: bag yangs). Naiveté.	pagyang舒暢、悠閒（藏：bag yangs）。純真。
127	pagyö (Tib.: bag yod). Bare attention, heedfulness.	pagyö謹慎、不放逸（藏：bag yod）。毫無掩飾的專注力，充滿注意力。
128	pandita (Skt.). Scholar.	pandita班智達（梵）。學者。
129	paramita (Skt.; Tib.: pharchen; phar phyin). Perfection; in Tibetan “gone to the far shore.” The six paramitas are the transcendent virtues of generosity, discipline, patience, exertion, meditation, and prajna (knowledge).	paramita波羅蜜（梵；藏：pharchen；phar phyin）。圓滿；藏文的意思為「到達遠方的彼岸」。六種波羅蜜為：布施、持戒、忍辱、精進、禪定、般若（智慧）等出世善德。
130	pharöl tu chinpa (Tib.: pharol tu phyin pa; Skt.: paramita). Transcendent virtue. In condensed Tibetan style referred to as pharchen (phar phyin). See paramita.	pharöl tu chinpa出世善德（藏：pharol tu phyin；梵：paramita）。出世（超越世間）的善德。藏文縮寫的讀音為pharchen（phar phyin）。見「波羅蜜」。
131	poppa (Tib.: spobs pa). Confidence. The fourth of the four types of discriminating awareness.	poppa樂說無礙（藏：spobs pa）。信心。四無礙解的第四種。
132	postmeditation. Follow-up to formal sitting practice. Bringing the practice of mindfulness and awareness into all the activities of one’s daily life.	postmeditation座下瑜伽。在完成正式（座上）的禪坐練習後，將正念和覺性的練習帶入日常生活的一切行為中。
133	prajna (Skt.; Tib.: sherap; shes rab). Perfect knowledge, meaning wisdom, understanding, or discrimination. Ordinary prajna is understanding the world and how things work on a mundane level. In the beginning of the path, higher prajna encompasses direct experience of the mind and its processes; in later stages, it means penetrating insight that discovers both the world and the self to be illusory. Sixth of the six paramitas.	prajna般若（梵；藏：sherap；shes rab）。圓滿的智識，指的是智慧、了解或觀察思擇。一般的智識在於瞭解世界及事物於世俗層面的運作。在修道初期，較高深的智識包含了對於心及其運作的直接體驗；到了後期階段，般若則指發現世界和自我皆為如幻的通透洞察力。六波羅蜜的第六個。
134	pranidhana. See mönlam.	pranidhana祈願（中譯註：梵文原意為臣服、奉獻）。見「祈願」。
135	pratyekabuddha (Skt.). Solitary realizer. A term for a person who has realized one-and-a-half-fold egolessness (egoless of self and a partial realization of the ego of phenomena) due to insight into dependent arising, without relying on a teacher.	pratyekabudda緣覺、獨覺（梵，又稱「辟支佛」）。獨自了悟者。用來稱呼因觀照相依緣起而無師自通地了悟「一個半」無我（體證「人無我」及部分「法無我」）的人。
136	pratyekabuddhayana (Skt.). The path of the “solitary realizer” of the hinayana.	pratyekabuddhaynana緣覺乘（梵）。小乘的「獨覺」之道。
137	rapkar gewa (Tib.: rab dkar dge ba). White virtue. Unstained basic goodness.	rapkar gewa白善業（藏：rab dkar dge ba）。白色的善德。無染垢的本初善。
138	raptu gawa (Tib.: rab tu dga’ ba). Very joyful. The first bhumi.	raptu gawa歡喜地（藏：rab tu dga’ba）。非常喜悅，菩薩道第一地。
139	refuge vow. The vow marking one’s formal entry into the Buddhist path, and one’s commitment to the Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha.	refuge vow皈依戒。此戒或誓言表明此行者乃正式進入佛道，並信奉佛、法、僧。
140	rikpa (Tib.: rig pa). Knowing; insight.	rikpa本覺（藏：rig pa）。了知；洞見。
141	ringdu songwa (Tib.: ring du song ba). Far gone. The seventh bhumi.	ringdu songwa遠行地（藏：ring du song ba）到達遠處；菩薩道第七地。
142	rochik (Tib.: ro gcig). One flavor, or one taste. A mental approach that is very open, spacious, and direct. Seeing all phenomena as one flavor: awake.	rochik一味（藏：ro gcig）。同一滋味或體驗。一種非常開放、敞開和直接的心意取向。將所有現象視為同一味：覺醒。
143	samadhi (Skt.; Tib.: tingdzin; ting ’dzin). One-pointedness, meditation. Sixth of the seven limbs of a bodhisattva. The third of the three supreme disciplines.	samadhi三摩地、定（梵；藏：tingdzin；ting ‘dzin）。專注一緣，禪定。七覺支的第六。三學的第二。
144	Samadhiraja Sutra (Skt.). King of Samadhi Sutra. A mahayana sutra on wisdom and emptiness, viewed in the Kagyü tradition as establishing a foundation for the practice of mahamudra.	Samadhiraja Sutra《三摩地王經》（梵；藏：longku；longs sku，漢譯《月燈三昧經》）。一部關於智慧和空性的大乘經典，噶舉傳承視此經為奠定大手印修持的基礎。
145	sambhogakaya (Skt.; Tib.: longku; longs sku). Enjoyment body. See also kayas, three.	sambhogakaya報身（梵；藏：longku；longs sku）。受用身。另見「三身」。
146	samsara (Skt.; Tib.: khorwa; ’khor ba). Cyclic existence; the continual repetitive cycle of birth, death, and bardo that arises from ordinary beings’ grasping and fixating on a self and experiences. All states of consciousness in the six realms, including the god realms, are bound by this process. Samsara arises out of ignorance and is characterized by suffering.	samsara輪迴（梵；藏：khorwa；’khor ba）。周而復始的存在；一般生命體對於自我和個人體驗執著不放，進而生起出生、死亡和中陰的不斷重複循環。包括天人六道眾生的所有心識狀態，都受縛於這種過程。輪迴由無明生起，以痛苦為其特徵。
147	samten (Tib.: bsam gtan; Skt.: dhyana). Meditative stabilization, concentration. Fifth of the six paramitas.	samten禪定（藏：bsam gtan；梵：dhyana）。安穩禪修，專注。六波羅蜜的第五個。
148	sattvic (Skt.). Purified, or blessed. For example, sattvic food refers to food that is pure, clean, and wholesome.	sattvic悅性（梵）。純淨或受加持的。例如，悅性食物指的是純粹、乾淨且完善的食物。
149	sem (Tib.: sems). Mundane mind.	sem心（藏：sems）。世俗的心。
150	semchen tön-che (Tib.: sems can don byed). The third type of the three types of discipline. The discipline of benefiting sentient beings.	semchen tön-che饒益有情戒（藏：sems can don byed）。三聚淨戒的第三類。饒益有情眾生的戒律。
151	semjung (Tib.: sems byung; Skt.: samskara). Mental factor; the fifty-one mental events arising from the mind. In the context of the five categories of mind, samjung refers to the thinking or watching process as the mind relates to the phenomenal world.	semjung心所（藏：sems byung；梵：samskara）。心意要素；由心生起的五十一種心理情境（五十一心所法）。於心的五種分類中，「心所」為心在和現象世界連結時的思考和觀看過程。
152	sending and taking. See tonglen.	sending and taking自他交換法。見施受法。
153	Seven Points of Mind Training. A compilation of lojong or mind-training teachings in the form of fifty-nine slogans divided into seven main points composed by the Kadampa master Geshe Chekawa Yeshe Dorje.	Seven Points of Mind Training《修心七要》。由噶當派大師切卡瓦．耶喜．多傑格西（Geshe Chekawa Yeshe Dorje）將［阿底峽尊者］修心法教的五十九則修持口訣彙編並分類為七項修心要點。
154	shamatha (Skt.; Tib.: shi-ne; zhi gnas). Peaceful abiding. Mindfulness practice; taming and stabilizing the mind. The central practice of the hinayana path and a key component of the practice tradition throughout all three yanas.	shamatha寂止、奢摩他（梵；藏：shi-ne；zhi gnas）。寂靜的安住。正念的修持；調伏自心並讓它安穩。小乘道的核心修持，也是整個三乘修持宗門的關鍵之一。
155	shamatha-vipashyana (Skt.). The union of mindfulness and awareness, in which the concentration, stillness, and precision of shamatha is in harmonious balance with the expansiveness, inquisitiveness, and clarity of vipashyana, or awareness practice.	shamatha-vipshyana寂止─勝觀、奢摩他─毗婆舍那（梵）。正念和覺性的結合。此時，「奢摩他」（止）之專注、寂靜和精準與「毗婆舍那」（觀）之寬廣、探究和明澈達到和諧相融的平衡。
156	shengyi nöpa la söpa (Tib.: gzhan gyi gnod pa la bzod pa). Patience with other people’s destructiveness. The first of the three types of patience.	shengi nöpa la söpa耐怨害忍（藏：gzhan gyi gnod pa la bzod pa）。安忍他人的破壞性。三種忍辱的第一種。
157	shepa (Tib.: shes pa). Consciousness.	shepa覺察（藏：shes pa）。心識。
158	sherap (Tib.: shes rab; Skt.: prajna). Knowledge, superior knowing.	sherap慧（藏：shes rab；梵：prajna）。知識，超凡的知識。
159	shikantaza ( Jpn.). Zen formless meditation practice of just sitting.	shikantaza只管打坐（日）。沒有特定形式的日式禪宗禪修練習，就只是坐著。
160	shila (Skt.; Tib.: tsültrim; tshul khrims). The first of the three supreme disciplines. It comprises generosity, discipline, and patience, the first three paramitas.	shila戒（梵；藏：tsültrim；tshul khrims）。三學的第一個。其包括六波羅蜜的前三類：布施、持戒和忍辱。
161	shinjang (Tib.: shin sbyang). Thoroughly processed or trained through meditation practice. The fifth of the seven limbs of a bodhisattva.	shinjang除覺支（藏：shin sbyang）。透過禪修而徹底處理或修習（中譯註：斷除諸見煩惱，亦名輕安覺支）。七覺支的第五。
162	shiwa (Tib.: zhi ba; Skt.: shanti). Peace. Fourth of the four aspects of great compassion.	shiwa寂（藏：zhi ba；梵：shanti）。平靜。大悲心四個層面的第四。
163	shravaka (Skt.). Hearer; a practitioner of the shravakayana.	shravaka聲聞（梵）。聽聞者；聲聞乘的修行者。
164	shravakayana (Skt.; Tib.: nyenthö; nyan thos). The path of the “hearer” of the hinayana.	shrvakayana聲聞乘（梵；藏：nyenthö；nyan thos）。小乘的「聲聞」道。
165	shunyata (Skt.; Tib.: tongpanyi; stong pa nyid). Emptiness. A completely open and unbounded clarity of mind characterized by groundlessness and freedom from all conceptual frameworks. Emptiness does not mean voidness or blankness, but an openness that is inseparable from compassion and all other awakened qualities.	shunyata空性（梵；藏：tongpanyi；stong pa nyid）。空性。自心一種完全開放且不受束縛的明澈，其特徵為無有根基和離於任何概念框架之自由。空性並不意味著空無或空白，而是與悲心和其他一切證悟功德無二無別的開放性。
166	six realms. Realms of samsaric existence. The three lower realms of hell beings, hungry ghosts, and animals; and the three higher realms of humans, jealous gods, and gods.	six realms六道。輪迴存有之界。下三道為地獄、餓鬼和旁生；上三道則為人、善嫉之神（阿修羅或非天）和天神。
167	skandha (Skt.; Tib.: phungpo; phung po). Heap or basket; aggregate. The five skandhas describe the aggregates or collection of phenomena that we take to be a self. The five aggregates are: form, feeling, perception / impulse, formation or concept, and consciousness.	skandha蘊（梵；藏：phungpo；phung po）。堆聚或籃子；蘊集。五蘊（舊譯五陰、五聚）描述了我們用來當成「自我」的現象組合或聚集。五蘊為：色（形、相）、受（感受）、想（感知、刺激）、行（形成、概念）、識（心識）。
168	söpa (Tib.: bzod pa; Skt.: kshanti). Patience, forbearance. The third of the six paramitas, or transcendent actions. See also paramita.	söpa安忍（藏：bzod pa；梵：kshanti）。耐心，忍受。六波羅蜜（度）的第三個。另見「波羅蜜」。
169	soso rangrik (Tib.: so so rang rig). Discriminating awareness; seeing things as distinct entities, just as they are.	soso rangrik個別自證（藏：so so rang rig）。明辨觀察的覺智；見到事物的各自本貌。
170	soso yang-dak-par rikpa (Tib.: so so yang dag par rig pa). Discriminating awareness or intelligence.	soso yang-dak-par rikpa無礙解、無礙智（藏：so so yang dag par rig pa）。［九地菩薩所證之］如實明辨的覺智。
171	sosor tok-pe sherap (Tib.: so sor rtog pa’i shes rab). Discriminating awareness, individually seeing things as they are as separate entities.	sosor tok-pe sherap思擇慧（觀察慧）（藏：so sor rtog pa’I shes rab）。明辨觀察的覺智，見到事物的各自本貌。
172	sosor tok-pe söpa (Tib.: so sor rtog pa’i bzod pa). Individually examining. The third of three types of patience.	sosor tok-pe söpa諦察法忍（藏：so sor rtog pa’I bzod pa）。個別審視，三種忍辱的第三。
173	spiritual friend (Tib.: ge-we shenyen; dge ba’i bshes gnyen; Skt.: kalyanamitra). A mahayana teacher. See kalyanamitra.	spiritual friend善知識（藏：ge-we shenyen；dge ba’I bshes gnyen；梵：kalyanamitra）。大乘師長。見「善知識」（kalyanamitra）。
174	sugata(s) (Tib.: dewar shekpa; bde bar gsheg pa). One who has gone beyond with joy; a buddha.	sugata(s) 善逝（梵；藏：dewar shekpa；gde bar gsheg pa）。喜悅地超脫出世的人；佛的稱號之一。
175	sugatagarbha (Skt.; Tib.: dewar shek-pe nyingpo; bde bar gshegs pa’i snying po). Buddha nature, basic wakefulness. The essence of those who have passed into liberation joyfully and easily.	sugatagarbha善逝藏（梵；藏：dewar shek-pe nyingpo；bde bar gshegs pa’I snying po）。佛性，本初之覺醒。喜悅自在地到達解脫的人，其本質稱之。（中譯註：如來藏的別名。）
176	sutra (Skt.; Tib.: do; mdo). Thread, string, cord. Sutras are hinayana and mahayana texts in the Buddhist canon that are attributed to the Buddha. The term sutra means a meeting point or junction, referring to the meeting of the Buddha’s enlightenment and the student’s understanding. A sutra is usually a dialogue between the Buddha and one or more of his disciples elaborating a particular topic of dharma.	sutra經（梵；藏：do；mdo）。索、繩、線。佛法大藏經中，屬於佛陀所宣說的小乘和大乘文典。「經」的意思為交集點或匯合處，指的是佛陀之證悟與弟子之領會於此相遇。佛經，通常是佛陀與一或多位弟子之間的對話，針對特定的說法主題深入探討。
177	Sutra of the Heart of Transcendent Knowledge (Skt.: Prajnaparamita Hridaya Sutra). See Heart Sutra; appendix 3, “The Heart Sutra.” svabhavikakaya (Skt.). The totality of panoramic experience. Fourth of the four kayas. See kayas, four.	Sutra of the Heart of Transcendent Knowledge《般若波羅蜜多心經》（梵：Prajnaparamita Hridaya Sutra）。見《心經》；附錄三《心經》。
178		svabhvikakaya自性身、體性身（梵）。全然一體（中譯註：常指三身的合一）。四身的第四。見「四身」。
179	tang-nyom (Tib.: btang snyoms). Equanimity. Seventh of the seven limbs of a bodhisattva.	tang-nyom捨覺支（藏：btang snyoms）。平等（中譯註：捨離妄法，平心坦懷）。七覺支的第七。
180	tantrayana (Skt.). Also referred to as tantra. A synonym for vajrayana, the third of the three yanas or vehicles. Tantra means continuity, and refers both to the root texts of the vajrayana and to the systems of meditation they describe.	tantrayana密續乘（梵）。也被稱為密續。金剛乘的同義詞，三乘的第三。tantra（續）的意思為相續性，既指金剛乘的根本文典，又指其所述明的禪修體系。（中譯註：沿用「密續」一詞，但原意無「密」。）
181	Tao Te Ching (Chin.: Tao [the Way]; Te [strength or virtue]; Ching [scripture]). A classical text on Taoism attributed to Lao-tzu.	Tao Te Ching《道德經》（中）。老子所著的道家典籍。
182	tathagata (Skt.; Tib.: teshin shekpa; de bzhin gshegs pa). Thus come or thus gone; an epithet for the Buddha.	tathagata如來（梵；藏：teshin shekpa；de gshegs snying po）。如是而來，或如是而去。佛陀的稱號之一。
183	tathagatagarbha (Skt.; Tib.: teshek nyingpo; de gshegs snying po). Buddha nature. The intrinsic state of wakefulness inherent in all human beings.	tathagatagarbha如來藏（梵；藏：teshek nyingpo；de gshegs snying po）。佛性。人人本具的內在覺醒狀態。
184	tendrel (Tib.: rten ’brel). Coincidence. The twelve nidanas; interdependent origination. See also nidana.	tendrel緣起（藏：rten ‘brel）。因緣相合。十二因緣，相依的生起。另見「因緣」。
185	thapla khepa (Tib.: thabs la mkhas pa). Skillfulness. Third of the four aspects of great compassion.	thapla khepa善巧（藏：thabs la mkhas pa）。善巧方便。大悲心四個層面的第三。
186	thekpa (Tib.: theg pa; Skt.: yana). Vehicle. See also yana.	thekpa乘（藏：theg pa；梵：yana）。車乘。另見「乘」（yana）。
187	three jewels. The Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha. Also called the “triple gem.”	three jewels三寶。佛、法、僧，也稱為triple gem。
188	tokpa (Tib.: rtog pa). Realization, understanding.	tokpa尋思（藏：rtog pa）。了悟，了解。
189	tön (Tib.: don). Meaning. Understanding the meaning of the dharma, and not just the words. Second of the four types of discriminating awareness.	tön義（藏：don）。意義。並非僅於字面，而是真正瞭解佛法的意涵。四無礙解的第二。
190	töndam (Tib.: don dam). Ultimate truth or nature; higher understanding. This is contrasted with relative truth, or kündzop, in the teaching of the “two truths.” See also kundzöp.	töndam勝義諦（藏：don dam）。究竟的真諦或自性；更高層次的理解。在二諦的教導中，相對於世俗諦。另見「世俗諦」。
191	tonglen (Tib.: gtong len). Sending and taking; the practice of exchanging oneself for others.	tonglen施受法（藏：gtong len）。施（施予）與受（取受）；自他交換的修持方法。
192	tongphö (Tib.: gtong phod). Daring to let go. A quality of generosity.	tongphö博施、好施、慷慨（藏：gtong phod）。勇於割捨。布施的特質。
193	torma (Tib.: gtor ma). Ritual barley cake used in vajrayana feast practice.	torma朵瑪（藏：gtor ma）。食子，金剛乘薈供修持所使用的青稞製儀式糕點。
194	trenpa (Tib.: dran pa; Skt.: smriti). Mindfulness; recollection. First of the seven limbs of a bodhisattva.	trenpa念覺支（藏：dran pa；梵：smriti）。正念；憶念。七覺支的第一。
195	tren-she (Tib.: dran shes). Recollection and knowing; mindfulness and awareness. The kind of recollection that joins past and present together.	tren-she正念覺知（藏：dran shes）。憶念與了知；正念和覺知。此等憶念為過去與現在的結合。
196	trima mepa (Tib.: dri ma med pa). Spotlessness. The second bhumi.	trima mepa離垢地（藏：dri ma med pa）。無垢染。菩薩道第二地。
197	trö (Tib.: drod; Skt.: ushman). Heat; an increased degree of realization. A whiff or hint of mahayana on the path of unification.	trö暖（藏：drod；梵：ushman）。熱度；證量增長。在加行道上的一絲大乘精神之兆。
198	tsemo (Tib.: rtse mo). Crest. A penetrating sharpness and conviction developed on the path of unification.	tsemo頂（藏：rtse mo）。頂峰。在加行道上所培養的通透敏銳度和信念。
199	tsöndrü (Tib.: brtson ’grus; Skt.: virya). Exertion. Third of the seven limbs of a bodhisattva. Fourth of the six paramitas.	tröndrü精進（藏：brtson ‘grus；梵：virya）。努力。七覺支的第三。六波羅蜜的第四。
200	tsültrim (Tib.: tshul khrims; Skt.: shila). Discipline; proper conduct. The second of the six paramitas. See also paramita.	tsültrim持戒（藏：shul khrims；梵：shila）。戒律；適切的行止。六波羅蜜的第二。另見「波羅蜜」。
201	tülku (Tib.: sprul sku; Skt.: nirmanakaya). Emanation body; a person who is recognized as the reincarnation of a previously deceased enlightened being. See also kayas, three.	tülku祖古、轉世（藏：sprul sku；梵：nirmanakaya）。應化身；被認證為過往示寂證悟者的轉世。另見「三身」。
202	two truths. Relative truth and absolute, or ultimate, truth. An understanding of the two truths is an essential component of madhyamaka teachings.	two truths二諦。世俗（相對）與勝義（究竟）的真諦。中觀教法的精要內涵便在於了達二諦。
203	upaya (Skt.). Method; skillful means.	upaya方便（梵）。方法；善巧方便。
204	upeksha (Skt.). Equilibrium. The fourth of the four brahmaviharas, as well as the fourth of the four limitless ones.	upeksha捨（梵）。平等安穩。四梵住，或四無量心的第四。
205	Uttaratantra (Skt.). A classical text on buddha nature by Maitreya, recorded by Asanga.	Uttaratantra《究竟一乘寶性論》（梵）。簡稱《寶性論》，彌勒菩薩有關佛性的經典著作，由無著尊者記述。
206	vajra (Skt.; Tib.: dorje; rdo rje). Ritual scepter, used in tantric practice. The term vajra means “indestructible” or “adamantine.”	vajra金剛、杵、橛（梵；藏：dorje；rdo rje）。法器，用於密續修持。意味著「無可摧毀」或「極為堅固」。
207	vajra-like samadhi (Skt.: vajropama-samadhi). An indestructible meditative state of mind that occurs with enlightenment. See also vajra.	vajra-like samadhi金剛喻定（梵：vajropama-samadhi）。獲致證悟時所出現的一種堅不可摧的禪定狀態。另見「金剛」。
208	vajrayana (Skt.; Tib.: dorje thekpa; rdo rje theg pa). The indestructible or adamantine vehicle. Also referred to as tantra or tantrayana. The third of the three stages of the path (hinayana, mahayana, and vajrayana). See also vajra.	vajrayana金剛乘（梵；藏：dorje thekpa；rdo rje theg pa）。堅不可摧的車乘。也被稱為密續或密續乘。修道三次第（小乘、大乘、金剛乘）的第三階段。
209	vijaya (Skt.). Victorious one, an epithet of the Buddha.	vijaya無上士（梵）。勝者；佛的稱號之一。
210	vipashyana (Skt.; Tib.: lhakthong; lhag mthong). Awareness. In Tibetan, it is “higher” or “superior” seeing. Insight arising from direct meditative experience or contemplative analysis. An open expansive quality of meditative practice complementary to the stability and groundedness of shamatha.	vipashyana勝觀、毗婆奢那（梵；藏：lhakthong；lhag mthong）。覺性。在藏文中，毗婆奢那（觀）指的是「較高深」或「更卓越」的觀見。從直接的禪修體驗或思惟分析中生起的洞察力。此種禪修的開放、寬廣特質，與奢摩他（止）的安定、基底性質相輔相成。
211	virya (Skt.; Tib.: tsöndrü; brston ’grus). Exertion. The fourth paramita. See also paramita.	virya精進（梵；藏：tsöndrü；brston ‘grus）。努力。第四波羅蜜。另見「波羅蜜」。
212	yana (Skt.; Tib: thekpa; theg pa). Path or vehicle that carries the practitioner to liberation.	yana乘（梵；藏：thekpa；theg pa）。承載修行者通往解脫的道途或車乘。
213	yang-dak-pe nying-je (Tib.: yang dag pa’i snying rje). Absolute compassion.	yang-dak-pe nying-je勝義悲心（藏：yang dag pa’i snying rje）。究竟的悲心。
214	yeshe (Tib.: ye shes; Skt.: jnana). Wisdom. In the vajrayana teachings, the term yeshe or jnana refers to a primordial, fruitional state of knowing. See also jnana.	yeshe智（藏：ye shes；梵：jnana）。在金剛乘的教法中，「yeshe」或「jnana」指的是一種本初的、果位的了知狀態。另見「智」（jnana）。
215	yogachara (Skt.). Literally the “application of yoga.” The Mind-only school of mahayana Buddhism. The term yoga refers to this school’s emphasis on developing direct insight by means of meditative practice.	yogachara唯識瑜伽行派（梵）。字面意思為「瑜伽之應用」，此為大乘佛教的唯識學派。「瑜伽」一詞指的是唯識派著重於透過禪修來開展直接的洞察力。
216	yul la sem pena sem (Tib.: yul la sems pas na sems). A definition of mind as that which can think of the other.	yul la sem pena sem觀察對境之識（藏：yul la sems pas na sems）。心的定義之一，可思及他（境）者。