檢視 Upasaka 的原始碼

'''Upasaka''' (Skt. ''upāsaka''; Tib. ''genyen''; [[Wyl.]] ''dge bsnyen'') or '''upasika''' (Skt. ''upāsikā''; Tib. ''genyenma''; Wyl. ''dge bsnyen ma'') — respectively, a male or female lay practitioner. One of the [[pratimoksha vows]].

==Etymology==
The Tibetan term ''dge bsnyen'' which translates the Sanskrit ''upāsaka'' is etymologically explained as 'being close to' (Skt. ''upā''; Wyl. ''sbnyen'') 'virtue' (Skt. ''saka''; Wyl. ''dge ba'').

==Subdivisions==
There are four types of upasaka or upasika:
#An “upasaka (or upasika) who keeps the threefold refuge” (''kyab sum dzinpé genyen'') takes refuge in the [[Three Jewels]], but does not take the vows of not killing, not stealing, not committing sexual misconduct and so on (i.e. none of the [[five lay vows]]). 
#“Keeping a single precept” (''na chik chöpa'') means that, for example, in addition to taking the Three Jewels as one’s refuge, one vows not to take the lives of others. 
#“Keeping a few precepts” (''na ga chöpa'') means that in addition to taking refuge, one vows not to kill, not to steal and not to lie. 
#A “complete upasaka (or upasika)” (''yongdzok genyen'') is one who in addition to these vows, also takes the commitment to abandon sexual misconduct.

==Further Reading==
*[[Jamgön Kongtrul Lodrö Thayé]], ''The Treasury of Knowledge, Book Five: Buddhist Ethics'' (Ithaca: Snow Lion, 1998, reedited 2003), pages 100-102.


[[Category:Sanskrit Terms]]
[[Category:Vows and commitments]]
[[Category:Vinaya]]