檢視 Rigpa Phonetic Guidelines 的原始碼

[[File:Phonetics chart 1.jpg|thumb|450px]]
====Root Letters====
* The root letters of the third column appear according to their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylie_transliteration Wylie]-equivalent<ref name="ftn3">For all examples the [[Wylie]]-system of transliteration is used.</ref>, i.e. with a voiced letter.<br/> 
::e.g. dang → dang
:There are a few exceptions.<br/> 
::e.g. byang chub → changchub
* ''pha ''and'' tha'' lose their ''h ''→ ''pa'' and ''ta.'' This applies to Sanskrit words, too. However, in the case of established names or terms they can occur in the ''Translation Phonetics''.<ref name="ftn4">See rule under ''Practice Book Phonetics vs. Translation Phonetics.''</ref>

====Suffixes====
* The postfix ''ba'' is written as a ''b, ''also when it is followed by a second postfix ''sa''. ''B'' is used instead of ''p'' to avoid the appearance of a double ''pp'' when the syllable ''pa'' is added to a word. <br/> 
::e.g. grub → drub, zab → zab; bsgrubs → drub
* The postfix ''ga'' is written as a ''k, ''also when it is followed by a second postfix ''sa''.<br/> 
::e.g. bdag → dak; 'phags → pak
* The vowels a, o and u become e or é, ö and ü when followed by the postfixes: ''da'', ''na'' and ''sa''. ''Da'' and ''sa'' are themselves not pronounced, but ''na'' is.
* The combination ''da'' + ''ba'' becomes wa.<br/> 
::e.g. dbang → wang<br/> 

====Combinations of Suffixes====
* All combinations with a subscribed ''la'' are written as ''la''. Only ''zla'' becomes ''da''.
* A subscribed ''wa'' has no influence and does not lead to any change in phonetics.
* Superscripts do not lead to a change in phonetics. Sometimes the superscripts of the second syllable of a word are pronounced. This might need to be adjusted manually, maybe also in dependence of the recording.<br/> 
::e.g. rdo rje → dorje

* Generally prefixes do not lead to a change in phonetics. However '''a'' and ''m'' as prefixes of the second syllable of a word often form a nasal sound. This might need to be adjusted manually, maybe also in dependence of the recording.<br/> 
::e.g. dge 'dun → gendün, mkha' 'gro → khandro<br/> 
:There are also a few cases where other prefixes are pronounced.<br/> 
::e.g. bco brgyad → chobgyé


:<u>Phonetic changes and exceptions:</u>
:ka, kha, ga + ''ya'' → kya, khya, gya
:pa, pha, ba, ma + ''ya'' → cha, cha, ja, nya
:ka, kha, ga; ta, tha, da; pa, pha, ba + ''ra'' → tra, tra, dra

:shra → shra
:hra → hra 
:smra → ma; snra → na

:dbya → ya; dbra → ra
:lha → lha

====Subsequent Particles====
* The particles ''pa, ba, ma, po'' etc., forming the second syllable of a word, are to be added to the first syllable or word.  <br/>  
::e.g. rdzogs pa → dzokpa <br/> 
:This is also the case when a connective particle ('''i'') is added to the second syllable.
::e.g. rdzogs pa'i → dzokpé<br/>
:When an agentive particle is added.<br/> 
::e.g. rdzogs pas → dzokpé<br/> 
:When an adverbial ''r'' is added.<br/> 
::e.g. rdzogs par → dzokpar
* ''Ba ''or'' bo'', when being a second syllable, become ''wa'' or ''wo''. With the vowel signs e, u or i they remain a voiced ''be'', ''bu'' or ''bi'' respectively.

====Accents====
* Accents above an ''e'' (é) are to be used when the danger exists that the ''e'' might not be pronounced correctly. This is especially the case at the end of a word. <br/> 
::e.g. slu med → lumé<br/> 
:Generally for short words.<br/> 
::e.g. skye → kyé, rgyas → gyé<br/> 
:These cases might need individual checking! Names are not to be written with accents!<br/> 
::e.g. mkhyen brtse → khyentse, not khyentsé

====Connective Case====
:a + i → é
:i + i → i
:u + i → ü
:e + i → é
:o + 'i → ö

====Weak Syllables<ref name="ftn6"> Weak syllables are: pa, pas, pa'i etc., ldan, bral, can etc. </ref>====
* word + med → word''mé''
::e.g. bla med → lamé
* word + bral → word''dral''<br/> 
::e.g. brjod bral → jödral<br/> 
:This is not the case when ''bral'' is associated with more than one previous word.<br/> 
::e.g. bsam brjod bral → sam jö dral
* word + bya → word''ja''<br/> 
::e.g. gdul bya → dulja, shes bya → sheja
* word + ma (when forming one word) → word''ma.'' This needs manual adjustment.<ref name="ftn5">Because ''ma'' can precede a syllable as a negation and can form certain words as a subsequent syllable, rules cannot be applied automatically to the online tool for the creation of phonetics.</ref> <br/> 
::e.g. bstan ma → tenma
* negation (''ma, mi'') + word → ''negation''word. <br/> 
::e.g. ma bcos → machö
:Only when the phonetic version of the following syllable begins with ''ng'', negation and the following syllable are written separately, as a mispronounciation could occur otherwise.
* word + ldan → word''den''<br/> 
::e.g. dpal ldan → palden, rtsod ldan → tsöden
* word + can → word''chen''<br/>
::e.g. nor can → norchen<br/>
* Weak syllables preceding a word are generally attached to words consisting of one or two syllables.<br/>
:: e.g rnam rgyal → namgyal<br/>
* If a weak syllable, except for ''pa'', ''ba'', ''ma'' etc., is followed by another weak syllable, the strong syllable should remain alone and the two weak syllables should be joined.<br/>
::e.g. 'dzin bral bas → dzin dralwé<br/>
* When a syllable is followed by a particle ''pa'', ''ba'', ''ma'' etc. which again is followed by a weak syllable, all three can be written together.
::e.g. slu ba med → luwamé
* When a syllable is preceded by a negation and followed by a weak syllable, three syllables can be written together.<br/> 
:Negation (''ma ''or'' mi'') + word + ''pa'', ''po'' etc. → ''ma''word''pa''<br/> 
::e.g. ma + bcos + pa → machöpa<br/>
* The verbalizers ''byed/mdzad'' (and their different tense forms) are added to words consisting of one or two syllables, if they do not make up a word that is too difficult to decipher.  
::e.g. thob + byed → tobjé
* When adding any (weak) syllables it is important to pay attention to the new appearance. If it gets too long and/or too difficult to decipher, it would better to separate the weak syllable from the rest.

====Special Cases====
* There are words that optically consist of only one syllable while their pronunciation is that of two. In order to avoid the usage of an apostrophe, the ''two'' syllables are separated.
::e.g. be'u → be u
* In the same way the completion particle '''o'' is kept separate from the word it is optically associated with.
::e.g. skyabs su mchi'o → kyab su chi o.

====Combining Syllables====
* When two syllables are preceded or followed by a weak syllable, and this includes weak syllables in combination with an agentive particle, connective particle etc., three syllables can be written together. <br/> 
::e.g. kun dga' ba → küngawa; lhun grub pa'i → lhündrubpé
* When three syllables make up one word, the two first ones can be written together, the third separately.<br/> 
::e.g. spyod ngan byed → chöngen jé
* When syllables form a word or a set phrase in English they can be written together. If the syllables are short (like ''rin po che'') three syllables can at times be written together (''rinpoche''). But usually in the case of three (or more) syllables it is less recommended since it can be difficult to decipher (like ''ngayabling''). In such a case the first two syllables could be joined and the third is written separately (''ngayab ling''). <br/> 
::e.g. sprul pa'i sku → trulpé ku, chos kyi sku → chökyi ku
* Except for some cases of commonly known terms the combination of the phonetic form of a syllable that ends with an ''n'' and another that begins with a ''g'' should be avoided as it is not clear whether to pronounce the combination of the two letters as nga, like the letter ''nga'' in the alphabet, or as n-g. In that case the ''n'' would mark the end of the pronunciation of the first and the ''g'' the beginning of the second syllable.
::e.g. kun dga' is to be pronounced as ''kün-ga'' but could mistakenly be pronounced as ''künga''; bco lnga (15) is to be pronounced as ''chonga'' but could mistakenly be pronounced as ''chon-ga''.
:In the same way the phonetic combination of ''k'' and ''n'' should be avoided. It could mistakenly be pronouced as a ''kn''-sound.
::e.g. ''smug nag'' should be be phonetisized as ''muk nak'' instead of ''muknak''. But if a word is commonly known it could be joined.

====Numbers====
* Numbers consisting of two syllables are to be written together. An ordinal number consisting of three syllables (+ ''pa'') is to be written together.<br/> 
::e.g. bcu gnyis → chunyi, sum bcu tsa gsum → sumchu tsasum.<br/> 
::e.g. bcu gynis pa → chunyipa

====Practice Book Phonetics vs. Translation Phonetics====
* Due to general established standards there are sometimes two ways for writing a word: One corresponds to rules of phonetics (practice book phonetics), the other is the way in which a word would appear in the translation (translation phonetics).
::e.g. pé (practice book phonetics), phat (translation phonetics); benza (practice book phonetics), vajra (translation phonetics)
* Some established words, for which there was no consistent phonetic representation, are now written according to their actual pronunciation.
::e.g. padma → pema <br/> vajra → benza <br/> trashi → tashi <br/> svaha → soha
* The usage of Sanskrit diacritics: No diacritics are used for practice books phonetics, but they are used when a term or name appears in the translation. <br/> 
::e.g. [[Shri Singha]] → Śrī Siṃha<br/> 
:Practice materials and publications for advanced students will contain Sanskrit diacritics. A very brief introduction explains the usage and the pronunciation of Sanskrit letters and diacritics.

==Notes==
<small><references/></small>

==Internal Links==
* [[Tibetan Grammar - Formation of the Tibetan Syllable]]
* [[Pronunciation of Sanskrit words]]
* [[Editorial Guidelines]]

==External Links==
*[http://www.digitaltibetan.org/cgi-bin/phonetics.pl?type=rigpa-en Rigpa phonetics in one click if you don't understand any of things above]

[[Category: Tibetan]]