檢視 Four tenet systems 四部宗義的原始碼

'''Four tenet systems''' — in the Indian [[Mahayana]] Buddhist monasteries, such as [[Nalanda]], monks studied four systems of Buddhist tenets. These systems are:

#[[Vaibhashika]] 毗婆沙宗
#[[Sautrantika]] 經部宗
#[[Chittamatra]] 唯識宗
#[[Madhyamika]] 中觀宗

The Tibetans have followed this custom, but have made further subdivisions within these four systems. For example, within Madhyamaka, they have differentiated [[Svatantrika]] 自續派 Madhyamaka from [[Prasangika]] 應成派 Madhyamaka. Within Svatantrika Madhyamaka, the [[Gelug]] school has further classified Indian authors as Yogachara Svatantrika or Sautrantika Svatantrika. The various non-Gelug schools have subdivided Madhyamaka in yet other ways.

==Major Authors and Texts==
'''Vaibhashika'''
:*[[Vasubandhu]] (400-480)
::*[[Abhidharmakosha]]

'''Sautrantika'''
:*[[Dignaga]] (circa 6th century)
::*[[Compendium of Logic]]
:*[[Dharmakirti]] (7th Century)
::*[[Seven Treatises on Valid Cognition]] – a detailed commentary on the work of Dignaga

'''Chittamatra (or Yogachara)'''
:*[[Asanga]] 
::*[[Abhidharma-samuccaya]]

'''Madhyamaka'''
:*[[Nagarjuna]] (circa 150-250)
::*[[Mulamadhyamaka-karika]] and [[Collection of Middle Way Reasoning|other texts]]
 

'''Two Divisions of Madhyamaka'''<hr>
''Svatantrika-Madhyamaka'' is studied in general in the context of far-reaching discriminating awareness ([[Wyl.]] ''phar-phyin'', Skt. [[prajnaparamita]], perfection of wisdom), as formulated by Maitreya.
:*[[Maitreya]]
::*[[Abhisamayalankara]]
 
''Prasangika-Madhyamaka'' is studied primarily through the works of Chandrakirti (Zla-ba grags-pa), Aryadeva (‘Phags-pa lha), Shantideva (Zhi-ba lha), and Buddhapalita (Sang-rgyas bskyangs).

:*[[Chandrakirti]]
::*[[Madhyamakavatara]] – A supplement to Nagarjuna’s Mulamadhyamaka-karika
::*[[Prasannapada]] – A detailed commentary on Nagarjuna’s Mulamadhyamaka-karika
:*[[Aryadeva]]
::*[[Four Hundred Verses]]
:*[[Shantideva]]
::*[[Bodhicharyavatara]]
:*[[Buddhapalita]]
::*[[Mulamadhyamaka-vrtti-buddhapalita]] – a commentary to Nagarjuna’s Mulamadhyamaka-karika

Other proponents of this tenet system are:
:*[[Patsab Nyima Drak]] (1055-1145) – translated Chandrakirti into Tibetan
:*[[Tsongkhapa]] (1357-1419) – wrote a commentary on the Madhyamakavatara


'''The Two Divisions of Svatantrika-Madhyamaka'''<hr>
''Yogachara-Svatantrika'' is studied through the works of Shantarakshita and his disciples, Kamalashila and Haribhadra.

:*[[Shantarakshita]]
::*[[Madhyamakalankara]]
::*[[Tattvasamgraha]]
:*[[Kamalashila]] 
::*[[Stages of Meditation]]
::*[[Illumination for the Middle Way]] ([[Wyl.]] ''dBu-ma snang-ba'', Skt. Madhyamaka-aloka)
:*[[Haribhadra]]
::*[[Sphutartha]] – a commentary to Maitreya’s “Ornament of Realizations”

Other proponents of this tenet system are:
:*[[Ngok Loden Sherab]] (1059-1109)
:*[[Chapa Chökyi Sengé]] (1109-1169) – composed the first Tibetan summary of of Dharmakirti’s thought.
:*Dharmapala
:*[[Mipham Rinpoche]]
::*[[Words to Delight My Teacher Manjughosha]] - a commentary on Shantarakshita’s Madhyamakalankara

''Sautrantika-Svatantrika'' 
:*[[Bhavaviveka]]
::*[[Madhyamaka-hrdaya]]
::*[[Tarkajvala]] ([[Wyl.]] ''rTog-ge ‘bar-ba''), Blaze of Reasoning; an autocommentary on Madhyamaka-hrdaya

==Teachings Given to the [[About Rigpa|Rigpa]] Sangha==
*[[Allan Wallace]], [[Dzogchen Beara]], [[Rigpa Shedra]], 2003

==Further Reading==
*[[Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche]], ''Progressive Stages of Meditation on Emptiness'', translated and arranged by Shenpen Hookham (Ithaca NY: Snow Lion Publications 2000). 
*Andy Karr, ''Contemplating Reality: A Practitioner's Guide to the View in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism'' (Boston: Shambhala, 2007). 
*For a short, easy-to-understand explanation of the views of the four schools see: Appendix 11. The Four Schools of Buddhist Philosophy, pp.197-200 in ''The Light of Wisdom Volume 1''. Root text by [[Padmasambhava]] and commentary by [[Jamgön Kongtrül]] the Great. Published by Shambhala Publications ISBN 0-87773-566-2

==External Links==
*[http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/sutra/level5_analysis_mind_reality/four_indian_buddhist_tenet_systems/four_indian_tenets_illusion_.html The Four Indian Buddhist Tenet Systems Regarding Illusion: A Practical Approach, by Alexander Berzin]
*[http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/sutra/level5_analysis_mind_reality/four_indian_buddhist_tenet_systems/major_indian_authors_texts_tenets.html Major Indian Authors and Texts for Studying the Four Buddhist Tenet Systems, by Alexander Berzin]

[[Category:Key Terms]]
[[Category:Schools and Lineages]]
[[Category:Philosophical Tenets]]
[[Category:Enumerations]]
[[Category:04-Four]]