檢視 Four maras 四魔的原始碼

The '''four maras''' (Skt. ''catvāri māra''; Tib. བདུད་བཞི་, ''dü shyi''; [[Wyl.]] ''bdud bzhi'') are the four types of obstructive, 'demonic' forces (sometimes also translated as 'demons') which create [[obstacles]] to practitioners on the spiritual path. It is important to understand that they have no inherent existence and are only created by the mind. 

There are two categorizations of the four maras: 
*one according to the [[Sutrayana]], and 
*one according to the [[Vajrayana]], which is especially related to the teachings on the practice of [[chö]].

==According to Sutrayana 根據經乘/顯宗==

# 蘊魔 the '''mara of the [[five skandhas|aggregates]]''' (Skt. ''skhandamāra''; Tib. ཕུང་པོའི་བདུད་, Wyl. ''phung po'i bdud''), which symbolizes our clinging to forms, perceptions, and mental states as ‘real’; 
# 煩惱魔 the '''mara of the [[destructive emotions]]''' (Skt. ''kleśamāra''; Tib. ཉོན་མོངས་ཀྱི་བདུད་, Wyl. ''nyon mongs kyi bdud''), which symbolizes our addiction to habitual patterns of negative emotion;
# 死主魔 the '''mara of the Lord of Death''' (Skt. ''mṛtyumāra''; Tib. འཆི་བདག་གི་བདུད་, Wyl. '' 'chi bdag gi bdud''), which symbolizes both death itself, which cuts short our precious human birth, and also our fear of change, impermanence, and death; and
# 天子魔 the '''mara of the sons of the gods''' (Skt. ''devaputramāra''; Tib. ལྷའི་བུའི་བདུད་, Wyl. ''lha'i bu'i bdud''), which symbolizes our craving for pleasure, convenience, and ‘peace’.

==According to Vajrayana 根據金剛乘/密宗 ==

#有礙魔 the '''tangible mara''' (Tib. ཐོགས་བཅས་ཀྱི་བདུད་, Wyl. ''thogs bcas kyi bdud'')
#無礙魔 the '''intangible mara''' (Tib. ཐོགས་མེད་ཀྱི་བདུད་, Wyl. ''thogs med kyi bdud'')
#歡喜魔 the '''mara of exultation''' (Tib. དགའ་བྲོད་ཀྱི་བདུད་, Wyl. ''dga' brod kyi bdud'')
#傲慢魔 the '''mara of conceit''' (Tib. སྙེམས་བྱེད་ཀྱི་བདུད་, Wyl. ''snyems byed kyi bdud'')

==Further Reading==
*[[Khenpo Ngawang Palzang]], ''[[A Guide to the Words of My Perfect Teacher]]'', pages 245-247.
*[[Jamgön Mipham Rinpoche]], ''Gateway to Knowledge, VOL II'' (Hong Kong, Boudhanath & Esby: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2000), page 161.

==Internal Links==
*[[Mara]]

[[Category:Key Terms]]
[[Category:Gods and demons]]
[[Category:Enumerations]]
[[Category:04-Four]]